Ideologies of Imperialism (1750-1900)

Transition from Previous Eras: Western European states established sea-based empires, focusing on Indian Ocean trade and colonizing The Americas.
The Enlightenment Paradox: Enlightenment ideals of liberty contrasted with the worldwide domination of unwilling populations.
Continuity of Motivations: Traditional imperial drivers—"God, gold, and glory"—influenced the second wave of imperialism.
Impact of the Industrial Revolution: Industrialization introduced new ideologies justifying imperial expansion.

Definition: A sense of common identity linked to a desire for self-rule within a territory.
Shift in Identity: Loyalties shifted from sovereigns to national identities.
European State-Building: Nationalism fueled unification movements in Italy and Germany.

Core Definition: The belief in ranking humans biologically by race.
Shift from Religion: Earlier justifications were religious; scientific racism was secular.
Pseudoscience of Phrenology: Used skull measurements to argue racial superiority.

Origins: Based on Darwin's theory, suggesting that only the fittest societies survive.
Application: Justified the wealth and power of Western industrial nations as proof of their superiority.
Metaphor of Dominance: Strong nations dominating weaker ones was seen as natural.