The Progressive Era

  1. 16th Amendment - Ratified in 1913, this amendment to the U.S. Constitution allowed Congress to impose a federal income tax.

  2. 17th Amendment - Ratified in 1913, it established the direct election of United States Senators by popular vote, removing their selection from state legislatures.

  3. 18th Amendment - Ratified in 1919, this amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, leading to the era of Prohibition.

  4. 19th Amendment - Ratified in 1920, it granted women the right to vote, ensuring suffrage for all citizens regardless of gender.

  5. 1912 Election - This was a pivotal election where Theodore Roosevelt ran as a Progressive (Bull Moose) candidate against William Howard Taft (Republican), Woodrow Wilson (Democrat), and Eugene Debs (Socialist). Wilson won, but the Progressive Party signaled a significant shift in American politics.

  6. American Federation of Labor - Founded in 1886, it was a prominent labor union focused on skilled workers. Under Samuel Gompers, it advocated for better working conditions and wages.

  7. Alice Paul & Lucy Burns - They were suffragists who led the National Woman's Party and were instrumental in the fight for women's suffrage. They employed more militant tactics.

  8. Anti-Defamation League (ADL) - Founded in 1913, it aimed to combat anti-Semitism and prejudice. It initially focused on Jewish concerns but later expanded to fight against all forms of bigotry.

  9. Australian Ballot - Also known as the secret ballot, this system was introduced in the United States during the Progressive Era to ensure the privacy of a voter's choice.

  10. Richard Ballinger - He was a controversial figure as Secretary of the Interior under President Taft. His policies were criticized for favoring business interests over conservation.

  11. Gifford Pinchot - A leading conservationist, he was the first Chief of the U.S. Forest Service and a close ally of Theodore Roosevelt.

  12. Billy Sunday - An influential evangelical preacher, he played a significant role in the temperance movement and supported Prohibition.

  13. Bull Moose Party - The Progressive Party, formed by Theodore Roosevelt for the 1912 election, advocated for a range of progressive reforms including trust-busting and labor rights.

  14. Clayton Anti-trust Act - Passed in 1914, this act further strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by prohibiting specific business practices that were anti-competitive.

  15. Conservationists - Advocates for the wise use and preservation of natural resources, often associated with Theodore Roosevelt's policies.

  16. Eugene Debs - A prominent socialist leader, he ran for President multiple times and was a key figure in the labor movement.

  17. Federal Trade Commission - Established in 1914, it was tasked with preventing unfair business practices and promoting competition in the marketplace.

  18. Hepburn Act - Passed in 1906, it gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates.

  19. Ida Tarbell - A muckraking journalist, she wrote extensively about the Standard Oil Company and its monopolistic practices.

  20. International Ladies Garment Workers League - A labor union representing garment workers, it was a powerful force for improving conditions in the industry.

  21. Income Tax - The 16th Amendment enabled Congress to levy an income tax on citizens, helping to fund government initiatives and social programs.

  22. Initiative - A progressive political reform that allowed citizens to propose and vote on laws directly, bypassing the state legislature.

  23. Lincoln Steffens - A prominent muckraker, he exposed corruption in American cities through his series of articles in "McClure's" magazine.

  24. Lochner vs. New York - A landmark Supreme Court case (1905) that dealt with labor regulations and set the stage for debates about government intervention in the economy.

  25. Louis Brandeis - A lawyer and later Supreme Court Justice, he was a leading progressive figure known for his advocacy of social justice and economic reform.

  26. Meat Inspection Act of 1906 - This legislation, spurred by Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle," aimed to improve the conditions of the meatpacking industry and protect consumer health.

  27. Muckrakers - Journalists and writers who exposed corruption, social issues, and injustices in American society, influencing public opinion and policy.

  28. Muller vs. Oregon - A landmark Supreme Court case (1908) that upheld labor laws limiting women's working hours, based on the idea that women needed special protection in the workplace.

  29. Municipal reform - Efforts to clean up and reform city governments, often targeting corruption and inefficiency in urban areas.

  30. NAACP - The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909, aimed to fight for civil rights and end racial discrimination.

  31. NACW - The National Association of Colored Women, established in 1896, focused on social reform and the advancement of African American women.

  32. National Park Service - Established in 1916, it oversees and maintains national parks and monuments for the enjoyment and education of the public.

  33. New Freedom - Woodrow Wilson's progressive platform that advocated for stronger antitrust laws, banking reform, and reduced tariffs.

  34. New Nationalism - Theodore Roosevelt's progressive platform that called for increased government regulation of business and social justice measures.

  35. New York Tenement Act of 1901 - A significant piece of housing reform legislation aimed at improving living conditions for the urban poor.

  36. Northern Securities Company - A holding company in the railroad industry that was targeted by Theodore Roosevelt in one of his notable antitrust actions.

  37. Preservationists - Advocates for the protection of natural environments and wildlife, often at odds with those who wanted to exploit resources for economic gain.

  38. Progressives - A diverse group of reformers who sought to address social, political, and economic issues through government intervention and regulation.

  39. Prohibition - The period from 1920 to 1933 when the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages were banned in the United States.

  40. Pure Food & Drug Act - Passed in 1906, it aimed to ensure the safety and purity of food and drugs by regulating their production and distribution.

  41. Recall - A progressive political reform that allowed voters to remove an elected official from office before their term was up.

  42. Robert La Follette - A prominent progressive politician, he served as governor of Wisconsin and was a U.S. Senator known for his advocacy of direct democracy.

  43. Saloons - Establishments where alcoholic beverages were sold, often the target of temperance reformers during the Progressive Era.

  44. Square Deal - Theodore Roosevelt's domestic policy agenda, which aimed to balance the interests of business, consumers, and labor.

  45. Susan B. Anthony - A leading figure in the women's

  1. Susan B. Anthony - A leading figure in the women's suffrage movement, known for her tireless efforts to secure voting rights for women.

  2. The Jungle - A novel written by Upton Sinclair that exposed the unsanitary and exploitative conditions in the meatpacking industry, leading to increased calls for regulation.

  3. Theodore Roosevelt - The 26th President of the United States, known for his progressive policies, including trust-busting, conservation, and advocating for consumer protection.

  4. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire - A tragic industrial fire in 1911 that resulted in the deaths of 146 garment workers, highlighting the need for improved safety and labor conditions.

  5. US Forest Service - Established by Gifford Pinchot, it was tasked with managing and protecting national forests, emphasizing sustainable use of natural resources.

  6. William Howard Taft - The 27th President of the United States, his administration continued many of Theodore Roosevelt's progressive policies, though he faced some internal party conflicts.

  7. William Jennings Bryan - A prominent political figure, he was known for his populist and progressive stances on issues like income tax and anti-monopoly measures.

  8. Wobblies - Members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), a radical labor union that sought to organize all workers, regardless of skill or trade.

  9. Woman Suffrage - The movement advocating for women's right to vote, which culminated in the passage of the 19th Amendment.

  10. Woodrow Wilson - The 28th President of the United States, he implemented a progressive agenda that included banking and tariff reforms, but also faced criticism for some polici