Exhaustive Global History Study Guide: 1200-2000
Yellow Period: State Building and Trade Networks (1200-1450)
Time Duration: This period spans from 1200 to 1450.
Unit 1: State Building: * Malacca Strait - Majanpahit: * The Majanpahit empire was central to the Spice Trade. * The empire held an Islamic religious character. * Khemer Kingdom: * Known for the Angkor Watt, which serves as a prime example of Monumental Architecture.
Unit 2: Trade Networks: * The Mongols: * Unifying Factors: * They provided protection for merchants on the Silk Roads, ensuring safe passage. * Pax mongolica: A specific document or state of being declaring peace throughout all Mongol-controlled territory. * Maintained a policy of being religiously tolerant. * Demonstrated cultural adaptability by adopting Chinese Culture. * Facilitated the spread of technology across their domains. * Dividing Factors: * Responsible for mass murder and the destruction of various cities. * Imposed major taxing on their subjects. * Contributed to the spread of the plague. * Latin America: * Major civilizations included the Aztecs and Incas. * Systems utilized included the tribute system and the mitas systems. * Technological and record-keeping tools: quipu and terrace farming. * Africa: * East Africa: The Swahili Coast featured traders creating independent cities; heavily involved in the Indian Ocean trade. * West Africa: Domain of the Gold Trans-sahara trade network. * The Mali Empire was led by Mansa Musa, the Emperor of Mali. * Social and religious structures: Islam-influenced and characterized as Matriarchal. * Asia - China: * Successive dynasties: Song dynasty and Yuan Dynasty. * Agricultural and infrastructural innovations: Champa Rice and the Great Canal. * Social and political pillars: Civil service exam, Filial piety, Mandatheam, the five relationships, and Confucianism. * South East Asia & India: * India: Predominantly Hinduism and the Caste System. * Buddhism: Focused on Enlightenment, defined as the process of detaching yourself from relationships and everything else. * Europe (Isolated): * Feudal system: A hierarchical system strictly tied to land ownership. * Hierarchy: King → Lords/nobles → Knights → Serfs. * Knights: Functioned as part of the education and political system. * Guild System: Established to protect the interests and welfare of the Serfs. * Religion: Christianity was the dominant force.
Detailed Comparison of Trade Networks: * Indian Ocean Trade Network: * Cultures involved: Swahili, Arabic, and Bantas. * Commodities: Bulk goods such as Iron, metal, wood, and large shipments of spices and teas. * Geographic scope: Connected Africa and Asia. * Silk Road: * Focused on luxury goods, specifically silk, precious metal, spices, teas, and porcelain. * Trans saharan Trade Network: * Technology: Depended on the camel saddle and caravans. * Commodities: Primarily Gold and Salt. * Silent bargaining: A specialized system utilized where trading parties did not have to speak to one another to conduct trade. * Political Context: Associated with the Mali Empire and the spread of the Islam Empire.
Blue Period: Land and Maritime Based Empires (1450-1750)
Time Duration: This period spans from 1450 to 1750.
Unit 3: Land Based Empires and Unit 4: Maritime Based Empires: * Key Figures of Exploration: * Zheng He: Responsible for expanding China's wealth and power throughout South East Asia and reaching parts of Africa. * Columbus: Initiated the colonization of the Americas on behalf of the Spanish.
Major Empires: 1. Ottoman Empire: * Utilized Gunpowder weapons. * Religious affiliation: Sunni muslims. * Military system: janissaries system. * Millet system: A policy where non-muslims groups could practice their own religion provided they paid a tax. * Tolerance: Described as moderately religiously tolerant, allowing for different religions within the empire. * Location: Spanned the Middle east, Africa, and south Europe. * Legacy: Collapsed during WW1; associated with the Arminan genocide. 2. Sadavids: * Religious affiliation: Shia Islam. * Location: Centered in the Persian Region. * Emperor: Isamail. * Architecture: Noted for Mosques. * Conflict: Engaged in a persistent conflict ("beefing") with the Ottomans due to religious differences: * Shia: Belief that leadership must be descended from the family of the prophet Mohanamad. * Sunni: Support for elected leadership. 3. Mughal Empire: * Location: India. * Emperor Akbar: Known for religious tolerance and the adoption of different cultures. * Taj Mahal: A major piece of Monumental architecture built by Shah Mahan. * Religious movements: Sikhism and Syncretism (the blending of Hinduism and islam).
European Land Based Empires: * France: King Louis XIV (King 14) built the Palace of Versailles to consolidate power with the nobles. * Russia: Peter The Great instituted the Beard tax, reportedly driven by jealousy of being unable to grow facial hair himself.
China's Shift: After the death of Zheng He, China transitioned into a period of being isolationist.
Motivations for European Maritime Exploration: * God: To convert others to Christianity. * Glory: To compete against other European countries. * Gold: To find resources and expand trade.
Trans-Atlantic Encounters and the Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange: * A massive transfer from Europe to America, and from America to Europe and Asia. * Europe/Africa to America: * Diseases: The "Great dying," resulting in a mortality rate where of natives died. * Animals and Plants: Cattle, Horses, Pigs, Wheat, Spices, and Cash Crops. * African contributions: Rice, Okra, millet, peanuts, yams, and Slaves. * America to Europe/Asia: * Staple crops: Potatoes, corn, and Cassava.
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade: * Lead to the start of the racialization of White and blacks. * Religious Syncretism: * Christianity + Native Beliefs: Resulted in figures like the Virgin de Guadalupe (whom natives called Tonantzin). * Christianity + African Beliefs: Resulted in Voodun. * Pre-Atlantic Slave Trade Context: The slave trade existed previously, but under different terms: individuals could buy their freedom, own land, and were categorized socially; often based on those being a Prisioner of War.
European Empires in the Americas: * Spain: * Hernan Cortes: Conquered the Aztecs with the assistance of rival native tribes. * Moctezuma: The leader of the Aztecs who believed Cortes was a god. * Casta system (sociedad de las castas): A racialized system where Europeans (whites) held the most power and received the most privilege.
Modern History Periods (1750-2000)
Orange Period: * Time duration: 1750-1900. * Covers Unit 5 and Unit 6.
Red Period: * Time duration: 1900-2000. * Covers Unit 7, Unit 8, and Unit 9.