BUQS1006----Wall Systems2
Page 1: Introduction
Presenter: Professor Nthatisi Khatleli
Institution: University of the Witwatersrand
Topic: Wall Systems (BUQS1006)
Page 2: Definition of Walls
Definition: An upright structure of various materials (masonry, wood, plaster) used to enclose, divide, or protect spaces.
Classification:
Load Bearing vs. Non-load Bearing
Structural vs. Non-structural
Types: Solid, Framed, Cavity
External Walls: Part of the building's external envelope.
Page 3: Structural Walls
Purpose: Resist loads on a building and transfer them to the ground.
Construction Requirement: Must prevent water penetration to protect health and durability.
Page 4: Load Bearing vs. Non-Load Bearing Walls
Load-bearing walls carry loads from above (floor joists, beams).
Non-load bearing walls: Can be removed without affecting the structural integrity of the building.
Interior Walls: Do not necessarily provide structural support; they are for division.
Page 5: Discussion on Load Bearing Walls
Load Bearing Walls: Support weight from above, forming the building's structure.
Interior Walls: May additionally support weight but primarily function as dividers.
Page 6: Load Distribution in Non-Bearing and Load-Bearing Walls
Load-bearing walls: Integral to the structure, distributing loads from the roof and floors.
Non-load bearing walls: Support only their own weight.
Page 7: Wall Structure and Foundation
Foundation: Critical for both load-bearing and non-load-bearing walls.
Roof Framing: Connection and load distribution from walls to the roof.
Page 8: Building Systems Overview
External Walls: Protect the building envelope.
Systems Addressed: Moisture and thermal protection, mechanical systems, doors and windows, wall systems, floor systems.
Page 9: Roof Support by Walls
Roof Structures: Trusses, rafters, or beams must be securely attached to walls to effectively transfer forces to the structure.
Page 10: Load-Bearing Internal Walls
Slab Thickening: Required for internal load-bearing walls.
Design Features: Inclusion of tied edge beams and strip footings depending on load requirements.
Page 11: Damp-Proof Course (DPC) Requirements
DPC: Material used to prevent moisture from causing damage to the building foundation and walls.
** installation**: Must be positioned at least 150mm above ground level.
Page 12: DPC in Construction
Types of DPC: Various options including flexible DPC and brickwork with integrated DPC.
Visibility: Flashing on the exterior is important for effective moisture management.
Page 13: Non-Load Bearing Wall on Timber Floor
Conditions for Support: Ensuring adequate structural integrity when installing partitioning.
Page 14: Structural Support Elements
Components: Includes beams, columns, and slab features for vertical load management in buildings.
Page 15: Brick Infill Panels
Use: Typically used in wall construction, providing extra load support where needed.
Page 16: Cladding vs. Siding
Cladding: Provides a protective layer, often for aesthetic purposes.
Siding: The outer layer of a building, which may serve additional functions relating to building performance.
Page 17: Materials for Walls
Common Materials: Stone, bricks, blocks, concrete, insulating foam, steel reinforcement.
Page 18: Composite Walls
Definition: Multi-layered walls with different materials to enhance performance and aesthetics.
Page 19: Types of Brick Bonds
Understanding Brick Bonds: Patterns of arranging bricks (headers and stretchers) for stability.
Common Patterns: Flemish bond, English bond.
Page 20: Standard Brick Dimensions
Typical Sizes: Specific measurements guide construction standards and practices.
Importance of Joints: Essential for structural integrity and aesthetics.
Page 21: Types of Bricks
Categories: Clay-based bricks, types vary in texture and purpose.
Page 22: Joints in Brick Walls
Importance of Joints: Effective design to ensure durability and performance.
Page 23: Brick Wall Thickness
Standard Thicknesses: Ranges from half brick to 2-brick walls for structural variety.
Page 24: Standard Brick Thickness Formats
Measurement Formats: Guidelines on width and expected construction formats.
Page 25: Cement Block Walls
Construction Details: Fundamental aspects of building with cement blocks.
Page 26: Cement Blocks Specifications
Measurements: Standard sizes and reinforcing details necessary for strength and durability.
Page 27: Types of Bricks - Overview
Brick Varieties: Different types categorized by production techniques and uses.
Page 28: Wirecut Bricks
Manufacturing Process: Continuous extruding process for uniform shape and size.
Page 29: Brick Wire Cutting Machines
Equipment Overview: Machines designed for precision in manufacturing wirecut bricks.
Page 30: Stock Bricks
Production Process: Moulded and dried before firing for structural quality.
Page 31: Preparation and firing of Stock Bricks
Production Process Insights: A detailed overview of how stock bricks are created.
Page 32: Stock Handling
Management of Stock: Procedures and best practices for handling raw materials.
Page 33: Handmade Bricks
Characteristics: Unique and artisanal aspects of handmade bricks provide aesthetic value.
Page 34: Hand Made Brick Production Process
Techniques: Traditional methods for shaping and preparing handmade bricks.
Page 35: Handmade Bricks Characteristics
Appeal: A distinct visual appeal ideal for high-end projects.
Page 36: Commons Bricks
Description: Basic utilitarian bricks suitable for smaller constructions.
Page 37: Face Bricks
Definition: Designed for appearance as well as structural integrity.
Page 38: Engineering Bricks
Functionality: Known for toughness and durability in specific applications (sewer work, groundworks).
Page 39: Concrete Bricks
Types and Quality: Availability of concrete bricks where clay isn't viable due to conditions.
Page 40: Reclaimed Bricks
Reusability: Salvaged bricks offer charm but are labor-intensive to prepare.
Page 41: Special Bricks
Classification: Non-standard shapes used for unique design features in architecture.
Page 42: Special Bricks Specifics
Types: Detailed breakdown of various specially shaped bricks and their uses.
Page 43: Special Bricks Identification
Varieties: Different forms and their applications in construction.
Page 44: Everyday Usage of Special Bricks
Applications: Names and examples of special bricks in common use.
Page 45: Overview of Brick Bonds
Types of Bonds: Various patterns used in brick work for stability and aesthetics.
Page 46: Types of Brick Bonds Detailed
Description: Explanation of different bond patterns like Stretcher Bond and English Bond.
Page 47: Less Common Brick Bonds
Overview: A summary of less common bond structures used in masonry.
Page 48: Stretcher Bond Details
Description: Characteristics of stretcher bond and its application in construction.
Page 49: Types of Brick Bonds Again
Reiteration: Discussion of various forms of popular and effective brick bonding techniques.
Page 50: Header Bond and Stack Bond
Definitions: Explanation of specific bond types and their characteristics.
Page 51: Brick Positions in Construction
Understanding Positions: Visual analogies for common brick placements to enhance structural aesthetic.
Page 52: Basic Brick Positions Explained
Different Names and Positions: Includes Soldier, Sailor, Stretcher, Header.
Page 53: More Brick Positions Analysis
Viewpoint Analysis: Describing additional unique brick positions.
Page 54: Brick Reinforcement
Reinforcement Importance: Additional support structures ensuring stability and longevity.
Page 55: Wall Ties in Construction
Functionality: How wall ties are utilized in modern masonry.
Page 56: Brick Position Recap
Summary of Brick Positions: Immediate reference for various brick placements.
Page 57: Basic Brick Position Recap
Simplified Overview: Key positions reiterated for understanding.
Page 58: Common Cuts in Brickwork
Closure Bricks: Specialized cuts for precise fitting in masonry work.
Page 59: Cutting Techniques for Bricks
Tools and Techniques: Utilization of chisels and hammers to achieve precise cuts.
Page 60: Common Brick Cuts Explained
Cutting Process: Steps for achieving accurate brick cuts for specialized placements.
Page 61: Wall Setup and Laying Bricks
Preliminary Considerations: Ensuring the line and setup before laying bricks.
Page 62: Mortar Overview
Functionality: The role of mortar as a binding agent in masonry.
Page 63: Lime Mortar Characteristics
Historical Context: Traditional mortar type with lasting durability.
Page 64: Clay as Mortar
Use and Properties: The significance of clay in historical mortar applications.
Page 65: Mortar-Less Structures
Examples: Historical examples like Great Zimbabwe that utilized clever balancing techniques.
Page 66: Monolithic Structures
Characteristics: Structures carved directly from rock, enhances durability and aesthetics.
Page 67: Current Mortar Types
Modern Overview: Current interpretations and mixes for structural bricks.
Page 68: Types of Sand for Mortar
Sand Types: Discussing materials influencing mortar quality.
Page 69: Sand vs. Coarse Aggregates
Comparative Overview: Differences between types of aggregates for construction.
Page 70: Mortar Mix Guidelines
Mixing Ratios: Suggested ratios for accurate mixing for various applications.
Page 71: Concrete Batching Techniques
Methods of Proportions: Effective batching techniques for consistent concrete quality.
Page 72: Concrete Production Process
Overview: Steps from raw materials to processed concrete ready for use.
Page 73: Environmental Considerations
Modern Techniques: Environmentally-friendly practices in modern construction methods.