What is a chancre? What is a gumma? Chancre= ulcer at infection site at prim stage and usually heals Gumma- soft growth caused by inflammation (tumor like lesions)

What are the effects of congenital syphillis?

Passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy, stillbirth, abnormalities, blindness, deafness, and systemic infections.

What are the leading 3 infectious disease causes of death globally?

TB, HIV/AIDS, Malaria

HIV/AIDS

What animal was the original host for the virus? Chimpanzees

What are the steps in HIV replication? ATTACHMENT- HIV binds to CD4 receptors, ENTRY-virus fuses with cell membrane release RNA, REVERSE Transcription – reverse transcriptase converts viral RNA to DNA, INTERGRATION- Integrase incorporates DNA into host, REPLICATION- produces viral proteins, ASSEMBLY- viral proteins and RNA assemble into new virus, BUDDING- new leave, maturing with protease

Which cells are the target? (which receptors does HIV attach to)? CD4+ T cells

What do reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease do? Reverse Transcriptase- converts viral RNA to DNA, Integrase- incorporates viral DNA into host genome, Protease- processes viral proteins for assembly of new viruses

What happens to CD4 levels, antibody levels, and viral levels as the disease progresses? CD4 levels decrease, antibody levels rise but becomes ineffective, viral levels spike early then stabilize and rise again when CD4 cells are depleted.

What conditions have to be met for an AIDS diagnosis? CD4 count less than 200 cells or presence of AIDS illness

What bodily fluids can transmit HIV? Which one can’t? Blood, Semen, Vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, breast milk can, saliva, sweat, tears, urine cannot

What is meant by Universal Precautions?

Handwashing, PrEp- medicine that people at risk take

Malaria

What mosquito species carries malaria? Anopheles mosquitoes (females)

How is malaria prevented? Insect repellents, antimalarial drugs (doxycycline), Environmental control, Vaccines RTS

Where in the US has malaria been a problem?

Usually Southeastern US

Tuberculosis

What percentage of the world’s population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis? 33%

What is the origin of the name “tuberculosis”? tuberculum Latin word meaning small swelling

Rabies

Which pathogen causes it? Caused by rabies virus (Lyssavirus genus)

What is furious rabies? Paralytic rabies? Furious Rabies: restless then highly excitable. Paralytic Rabies -seem unaware of surroundings

What is the pathology of rabies? (which cells/systems are affected and in which order)

Virus enters tissue from saliva of biting animal; Virus replicates in muscle near bite; Virus moves up peripheral nervous system to CNS; Virus ascends spinal cord; Virus reaches brain and causes fatal encephalitis; Virus enters salivary gland and other organs of victim.

What is hydrophobia? Fear of water due to painful throat spasms by swallowing common in furious rabies

What is the most common rabies reservoir in this part of the US? Wildlife- bats, foxes, skunks, cattle

In the US you are most likely to be bitten by a what type of rabid animal? Raccoons

What is the treatment for someone who has been bitten by a rabid animal? Vaccine plus rabies immune globulin (RIG)

What is the mortality rate of rabies? All death without treatment

In the US, how is most of the population protected from rabies? Active domestic animal vaccination (HDCV)

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