cognitive processes week 5

5.1 (mon)

LO: Define long-term memory and know how it can be measured

  • long term memory - memory systems for storing lots of information for long period

    • archives info about past

    • interacts with STM and WM to provide context

  • modal model

    • sensory input into sensory memory into short term into long term

    • short term can cycle back when needed without being long term

    • short term can be one and done

    • adequate encoding of short term becomes long term

    • encode - info going from short to long term

    • retrieval - info from long to short term

  • long term

    • storage detail better when memory more recent

    • encompasses memory subtypes

    • DRAW OUT SLIDE 12

  • free recall - asked to generate target items from long term memory

  • cued recall - asked to generate target items from long term when AIDED by prompt

  • recognition - asked to generate target items from list with DISTRACTOR items

pollEV: retrieving info from long term memory is easiest when using ? task

  • answer: recognition

LO: Identify similarities and differences between long-term and short-term memory

  • STM - memory system for storing small amounts of info for brief time

  • LTM - memory systems for storing lots of info for long period of time

    • both systems STORE INFO

    • LTM stores MORE than STM

    • LTM stores info LONGER than STM

  • Duration

    • serial position curve - memory better for words at beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list

    • primacy effect - better memory for words at beginning of list relies on long term

    • recency effect - better memory for words at the end of list relies on short term

      • disappears if memory test is delayed

  • information coding

    • visual coding - represent info in mind as visual images

    • auditory coding - represent info in mind as sounds

    • semantic coding - represent info in mind in terms of meaning

    • proactive interference - decrease in memory when previously learned material interferes with new learning

      • switch to use of words with different meaning to release from proactive interference

      • ex) learning lists of occupation to suddenly learn a list of fruits

  • STM and LTM use same forms of coding but

    • STM uses visual and auditory more

    • LTM uses semantic more

  • brain regions

    • patient HM

      • hippocampus removed to stop seizures

      • STM preserved, LTM impaired

    • patient KF

      • damage to parietal lobe

      • STM impaired, LTM preserved

    • STM and LTM rely on different systems

      • hippocampus does not require STM

      • parietal lobe does not require LTM

      • however, the brain system itself is interconnected and complex so despite support for the localization of function, the brain needs everything exactly where it is

pollEV: represent(s) information in the mind in visual form.

  • answer: both short and long term memory

LO: Define declarative memory and know similarities and differences between semantic and episodic memory

  • declarative (episodic) memory - long term memories you’re aware of

    • 2 subdivisions

      • semantic - long term, declarative memory for facts

        • has large capacity

        • consciously accessible

        • encompasses general knowledge (facts shared by everyone)

        • encompasses lexical knowledge

        • encompasses conceptual knowledge

      • episodic - long term, declarative memory for events and experiences

        • mental time travel - experience of going back in time to reconnect with personal, past experiences (endel tulving)

        • has large capacity

        • consciously accessible

        • linked to experiences from place and time (episodes)

        • paired associates memory task - study and later remember which words presented together

  • patient KC

    • damage to hippocampus and surrounding areas

    • semantic memory preserved

    • episodic memory impaired

  • patient LP

    • left temporal lobe damage

    • semantic memory impaired

    • episodic memory preserved

  • ^^both patients also exemplify support for localization of function but don’t “prove” mind can function without one or the other

  • semanticization of remote memories - loss of episodic details for memories from long ago

    • remember/know procedure - test to asses for original experience

      • remember item from study event

      • know it is familiar but don’t recall study event

      • new item not seem at study

      • detail recollection decline most over time

  • autobiographical memory - long term, declarative memory for specific experiences from our life

    • like episodic, remembers specific experiences except WE are subject of event

    • episodic elements - memory for event that we personally experienced

    • semantic elements - memory for facts related to event that we personally experienced

pollEV: Remembering the phases of the moon is a _________ memory

  • answer: semantic

LO: Define declarative memory and know how it differs from nondeclarative memory

  • non decalarative (implicit) memory - long term memories you’re unaware of

    • occurs without awareness or intent

    • conscious mind - long term memories that we can consciously recollect

    • nonconscious mind - long term memories that influence behavior without our awareness

  • declarative memory - long term memories you’re aware of *EXPLICIT

    • knowing WHAT

  • nondeclarative memory - long term memories you are not aware of *IMPLICIT

    • knowing HOW

5.2 (wed)

*last LO from previous lecture

LO: Identify the key features of procedural memory, priming, and classical conditioning

  • procedural memory - long term, non declarative memory for learned skills