Untitled Flashcards Set

George Washington

-First president
-Symbol of national unity

Hamilton's Program

-Financial stability plan
-Developed in 1790 and 1791
-Encourage development
-Long term goal was commercial and military power
-Model was Great Britain
-Program had 5 steps
1. Establish the new nation's credit-worthiness
2. Creation of a new national debt
3. Creation of a Bank of the United States
4. Tax on producers of whisky
5. Imposition of a tariff to encourage the development of factories that manufacture products that currently were purchased from abroad

Thomas Jefferson

-Believed a new national bank was unconstitutional
-Against Hamilton
-Goal was to undo federalist government (cut military, abolish alien and sedition acts, reduce government debt, broaden power of presidency)
-Lousiana Purchase

Jay's Treaty

-Agreement in 1794 negotiated by John Jay
-U.S. favored British imported goods
-Canceled the American-French alliance
-Sharpened political divisions
-Eliminated British control of western posts
-Provided America a limited right to trade in the West Indies
-Historical significance: normalize relations with Britain after the Revolutionary War, made it possible for American ships to trade with both England and France, Strengthened the Federalist party and led to the creation of the Federalist and Anti-Federalist parties in the US

Federalists

-Supporters of Washington's administration
-Favored Hamilton's economic program
-Outlook was elitist
-View of society was a fixed hierarchy

Whisky Rebellion

-1794
-Back country Pennsylvania farmers wanted to stop the tax on whisky
-Washington sent 13,000 militia men to western Pennsylvania
-Historical significance: Federal government would use force if necessary to collect taxes and uphold its authority, established the right of the government to levy this type of tax, showed the need for a national guard to maintain order

Republicans

-Led by Madison and Jefferson
-Faith in self-government
-Critical of social and economic inequality

The Rights of Man

-Written by Thomas Paine
-called for democratic change at home
-Writings inspired a mass movement for political and social change

Mary Wollstonecraft

-A Vindication of the Rights of Women
-Didn't directly challenge traditional gender roles
-Wanted to create access to education and paid employment for women
-Idea that this would enable single women to support themselves

Alien and Sedition Acts

-Alien Act allowed the deportation of any immigrant who is deemed dangerous
-Sedition Act allowed prosecution of any public assembly or publication critical of the government
-Opposition editors could be prosecuted for almost any political comment they printed
-Main target was the Republic press
-18 individuals were charged under the Sedition Act

Virginia Resolution

-Protection of free speech

Kentucky Resolution

-States could nullify laws of Congress that violated the constitution

12th Amendment

-Electors need to cast a separate vote for president and vice president
-Happened during Jefferson presidency

Marbury v. Madison

-1803
-Madison refused to issue commission to "midnight judges" (Marbury)
-Marbury sued for their offices
-Decision: Marbury had the right to his commission but the court did not have the power to force Madison to deliver the commission
-Supreme Court assumed the right to determine whether an act of Congress violated the Constitution
-JUDICIAL REVIEW-ability of a court to examine and decide if a statute or treaty violates the provisions of existing law, a State Constitution, or ultimately the United States Constitution.

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

-Led expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase
-Find the scientific and commercial benefits of the land
-Spring of 1804, set out from St. Louis
-Explore the new territory
-Accompanied by Sacajawea
-Expedition reached the Pacific Ocean in November 1805
-Returned in 1806
-No commercial route to Asia
-Possibility of overland travel

Non-Intercourse Act

-Signed by Jefferson
-Banned trading with Britain and France
-Happened because American exports plummeted by 80%
-If either side rescinded its edicts against American shipping, commerce with that country would resume

Macon's Bill No. 2

-1810, Madison adopted a new policy
-Trade would resume with France or Britain, but if either ceased interfering with American rights, the president could reimpose an embargo on the other

War Hawks

-People who wanted war with Britain
-Leaders were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
-Defended the national honor against British results
-Wanted the annexation of Canada
-Wanted war because British attacked American vessels and increased impressment

War of 1812

-June 1812, Madison asked Congress for a declaration of War
-1814, Britain invaded the U.S.
-Seized Washington D.C. and burnt down the White House
-Two-front struggle against the British and Indians
-Historical significance: U.S. proved that it had a right to exist, demise of federalist party, boosted national confidence and patriotism

Treaty of Ghent

-Ended the war
-December 1814
-Restored the previous status quo
-No territory exchanged hands
-Slaves must be returned but British refused to hand them over to their former owners
-Britain paid a few million dollars in compensation

Turnpikes

Roads with tolls constructed by localities, states, and private companies. Didn't turn much of a profit.

Steamboats

Invented by Robert Fulton, made possible upstream commerce on the country's major rivers as well as rapid transportation across the Great Lakes and eventually the Atlantic ocean. Steamboats increased speed and lowered the expense of commerce

Erie Canal

Allowed goods to flow between Great Lakes and New York City. Gave birth to tons of upstate cities, made NY a hub of commerce and it reduced the cost of transportation. 1825.

Railroads

Opened vast new areas of American interior to settlement while stimulating mining of coal for fuel and iron for locomotives and rails.

Telegraph

Made possible instantaneous communication. Helped speed the flow of information and brought uniformity to prices throughout country.

Squatters

Western migrants who settled up farms on unoccupied land without a clear legal title.

Cotton Gin

Device made possible the growing and selling of cotton on a large scale

Cotton Kingdom

The rise of the south as a place where Cotton was king in all aspects of life.

John Deere steel plow

Made possible rapid subduing of western prairies

Cyrus McCormick Reaper

Increased the amount of wheat a farmer could harvest

Factory System

First factory created by Slater. Had to deal with textiles. Eventually entire manufacturing process in textiles, shoes, and many other products brought under a single factory roof.

American system of manufactures

Relied on mass production of interchangeable parts that could be rapidly assembled into standardized finish products.

Mill Girls

Major source of labor for the early New England textile mills. There were boarding houses with strict rules regulating personal behavior. Also established lecture halls and churches to occupy women's free time

Immigration

Lots of people immigrated between 1840 and 1860. Due to the disruptions of economic patterns in europe

Nativism

Those who feared the impact of immigration on American political and social life

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward

Defined corporate charters issued by state legislatures as contracts which future lawmakers could not alter or rescind.

Manifest Destiny

United States had divinely appointed mission to occupy all of North America

Transcendentalists

Stressed individual judgement over existing social traditions and institutions.

Second Great Awakening

Stressed right of private judgement in spiritual matters and possibility of universal salvation through faith and good works.

Individualism

Americans should depend on no one but themselves

Church of the Latter-Day Saints or Mormons

Center of second great awakening, responded to disruptions caused by Market revolution, revealed limits of religious toleration in nineteenth century

Self-made man

Those who achieved success in America did so not as a result of hereditary intelligence and hard work

Cult of domesticity

Shift in mothers thinking that their role was to be a shield from the market revolution at home and preserve and promote non-market revolution qualities

Andrew Jackson

-Inaugurated March 4, 1829
-Seen as either a common man or also a tyrant
-Disliked by the Whigs
-1830s and 1840s was the Age of Jackson
-Jacksonian democracy: market revolution, westward movement, expansion of slavery, growth of democracy, symbol of the self-made man

Market Revolution

-Part of American freedom
-Political democracy

Constitutional convention in 1850

-Eliminated property requirements

The Dorr War

1841-1842: Rhode Island's labor movement drafted new constitution enfranchising all white adult white men and eliminating blacks from voting, even if they owned the required amount of property. When Thomas Dorr was going to be inaugurated as governor, President John Tyler dispatched federal troops to the state - Dorr served two years in prison for treason. Demonstrated the passions for the continuing exclusion of any white men from voting.

Alexis de Tocqueville

-Wrote Democracy in America
-Society was in the middle of a political transformation
-Democracy became an essential attribute of American freedom
-Rise of democracy cause a profound political transformation
-Democracy degenerated into anarchy and tyranny

Penny press

-One cent per issue of a newspaper
-Caused emergence of organized political parties which spurred newspaper publication

Universal suffrage

-White males of age constituted the political nation
-Gender and racial differences were part of a hierarchy of innate endowments

New York Constitutional convention

-Raised requirements for blacks to $250
-North Carolina disenfranchised free blacks in 1835
-Pennsylvania did the same thing three years later

Thaddeus Stevens

-Leader in the drive for equal rights
-1860, Blacks could vote on the same basis as whites in five New England States

National Road

-1806
-Cumberland, Maryland to the Ohio Valley
-Albert Gallatin constructed the roads and canals up and down the eastern seaboard

American System

-Created by James Madison
-Blueprint for government-promoted economic development
-Rested on three pillars: new national bank, tariff on imported manufactured goods, and federal financing of improved roads
-Two parts became a law
-Tariff of 1816, protection to goods that could be produced in the US
-1816, a new Bank of the United States was created with a twenty-year charter from Congress

Second Bank of the United States

-Focus of public resentment
-Private, profit-making corporation
-Government's financial agent
-Issued paper money
-Collected taxes
-Paid the government debts
-Bank was supposed to prevent the over issuance of money

Panic of 1819

-Disrupted the political harmony
-Suspended collection of debts
-Eased burden on indebted farmers
-Injured those who loaned them money
-Panic deepened American distrust of banks

McCulloch v. Maryland

-Congress chartered The Second Bank of the United States
-In 1818, the state of Maryland passed legislation to impose taxes on the bank
-James W. McCulloch, the cashier of the Baltimore branch of the bank, refused to pay the tax
-Decision: Maryland could not tax instruments of the national government employed in the execution of constitutional powers

Era of Good Feelings

-Monroe presidency
-Absence of a two-party competition

Missouri Compromise

-Made by Senator Jesse Thomas
-Maine would enter the Union as a free state
-Slavery would be prohibited in all the remaining territory within the Louisiana Purchase north of the latitude 36'30"
-Missouri enters the union as a slave state

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

-Drafted by Thomas Jefferson
-Prohibited slavery north of the Ohio River

Monroe Doctrine

-John Quincy Adams wanted to consolidate powers of the national government at home and abroad because of fear that Spain would try to regain Latin American colonies
-Three principles
-United States oppose further efforts at colonization by European powers
-Abstain from involvement in the wars of Europe
-European powers shouldn't interfere with independent sates of Latin American
-Also known as America's diplomatic declaration of independence
-Cornerstone ofAmerican foreign policy
-United States was the dominant role of power in the Western Hemisphere

Election of 1824

-Andrew Jackson received national support
-None of the candidates received a majority of electoral votes
-Choice of who won was up to the House of Representatives
-Clay told Adams that if he would choose for him to win, he would become his secretary of sate
-Corrupt Bargain
-Adams won
-Created a new system of political parties
-Supporters of Jackson and Crawford became the Democratic Party
-Supporters of Clay and Adams became the Whig Party of the 1830s

Age of Jackson

-Jackson won the election of 1828
-Strong nationalist
-Believed that the states should be the focal point of governmental activity
-Opposed federal efforts to shape economy
-Politics became more than a series of political contests
-Government posts should be open to the people
-Introduced rotation i office
-Spoils system
-Loyalty to the party was the main qualification fro jobs

Democrats

-Alarmed by the widening gap between social classes
-Supported by slaveholders
-Reduced expenditures, lowered tariffs, killed the national bank, refused fleas for federal aid to internal improvements
-Considered individual morality a private matter
-Attracted aspiring entrepreneurs who resented government aid

Whigs

-Behind the American system
-Protective tariff, national bank, aid to internal improvements, federal government could guide economic developments
-Insisted liberty and power reinforced each other
-Viewed society as a hierarchy of social classes
-Rejected the premise that the government shouldn't interfere in private life

Tariff of 1828

-Raised taxes on imported manufactured goods
-Tariff of abominations

Nullification Crisis

-Leading theorist was John C. Calhoun
-South Carolina stood alone during the crisis
-Nullification was denied as a step towards disunion
-1832, a new tariff that South Carolina declared the tax on imported goods null and void in the state
-Force Bill authorized Jackson to use the army and navy to collect custom duties
-Henry Clay passed a new tariff in1833 reducing duties and South Carolina rescinded the ordinance of nullification

Indian Removal

-Last Indian resistance was in 1832
-1820s, Missouri forced its Indian population to leave the state
-Indian Removal Act of 1830
-Provided funds for uprooting the Five civilized troops
-Marked a repudiation of the Jeffersonian idea that "civilized" Indians could be assimilated into American population

Johnson v. M'Intosh

-Indians weren't owners of their land, had a right of occupancy

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

-Indians were wards of the federal government
-Deserved paternal regard but lacked the standing as citizens
-Since they weren't citizens, they couldn't enforce their rights
-Justices couldn't block Georgia's effort to extend jurisdiction over the tribe

Worcester v. Georgia

-Indian nations are distinct people with the right to maintain a separate political identity

Seminole resistance

-Resistance to remove themselves from Florida
-Florida was a refugee for fugitive slaves from South Carolina and Georgia
-Administration of George Washington tried to persuade Seminoles to expel the fugitives
-Refused to leave
-Georgia sent militia into Florida
-Driven out by Seminole and African American fighters

Trail of Tears

-Trail in which the Indians left their states
-One-quarter of Indians perished in the winter of 1838-1839

Second Seminole War

-1,500 American soldiers and Seminoles were killed

Nicholas Biddle

-Head of the bank
-Used institutions power to curb the overissuing of money by local banks to create a stable currency
-1832, Bank could destroy any state bank, but never injured any of them

Monster Bank

-Illegitimate union of political authority and entrenched economic privilege
-Institutions charter wouldn't expire until 1836
-Biddle's allies persuaded Congress to approve bill extending it for another 20 years
-Seen as blackmail

Pet banks

-Authorized by Jackson
-Removal of federal funds and depositing it into local banks

Specie Circular

-July 1836, administered by Jackson
-Accept only gold and silver as payment for public land
-Bank of England grew suspicious and demanded that American merchants pay their creditors in gold or silver
-Economic downturned caused a demand for american cotton

Panic of 1837

-Economic collapse in the United Staets
-Prices fell by 25%
-Businesses failed
-Farmers lost their land
-Urban workers lost jobs
-Fledgling labor movement collapsed when strikes became impossible because of the unemployment
-1840s, states amended their constitutions to prohibit legislatures form borrowing money, issuing charters, and buying stock in private enterprises

Martin Van Buren

-President
-Dealt with the depression
-Elected in 1836 as part of the Whigs party

William Henry Harrison

-Won the election of 1840
-Log Cabin candidate
-Died of pneumonia
-Succeeded by John Tyler

Frederick Douglass

former slave turned abolitionist

Lords of the Loom

Pro-southern New England textile owners who were economically tied to the southern "lords of the lash"

Lords of the Lash

southern slave owners

southern paternalism

strong belief in slavery b/c of agricultural basis, believed were aiding slaves- for their benefit to have the life they had

the proslavery argument

the economy
the bible

silent sabotage

resistance by slaves
included breaking tools, hurting animals, arson, having bad work ethic

Underground Railroad

A network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places

Harriet Tubman

A former escaped slave, she was one of the shrewdest conductors of the underground railroad, leading 300 slaves to freedom

Denmark Vesey's conspiracy

the most carefully devised slave revolt in which rebels planned to seize control of Charleston in 1822 & escape to Haiti (the free black republic). They were betrayed by other slaves; 75 were executed.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

rebellion started by a VA slave who believed he received divine messages telling him the time was right for a rebellion, gathered 80 followers who killed 60 whites, Turner eventually captured and executed. Greatly increased tensions between whites and blacks across the South

laws of the free womb

Latin America - slaveholders retained ownership of existing slaves while freeing their slaves' children after they worked for the mother's owner for a specified number of years

John B. Alger

Presbyterian minister
formed part of the "Divine arrangement" of the world

George Fitzhugh

wrote that slavery was the basis of "civilized society"

Slave Laws

illegal to kill a slave
slaves could be sold or leased
slaves lacked any voice in the government
could not testify in court
couldn't sign contracts
couldn't acquire property or firearms
couldn't leave the farm/plantation without permission of the owner

Joseph Taper

slave that ran away to Pennsylvania with his wife and children
fled to Canada
wrote to a white acquaintance referring to a biblical passage

Bennet Barrow

wealthy slaveholder
considered model of planter paternalism

Celia

slave who killed her master while resisting sexual assault
not a "woman" in eyes of the law

slavery in America in comparison to West Indies and Brazil

lower rates of infant mortality
longer life expectancies
better diets

Simon Gray

slave who was made head of a riverboat crew on the Mississippi

Gang labor

A system where planter organized their slaves into gangs, supervised them closely, and had them work in the fields all day. Primarily used on tobacco plantations.

Task labor

allowed slaves to take on daily jobs, set their own pace, and work on their own when they were done

Henry Box Brown

packed himself inside a crate and literally shipped himself from Georgia to freedom in the North

William and Ellen Craft

impersonated a sickly owners traveling with her slave

The Amistad

Spanish slave vessel. Slaves heading to Cuba seized the ship from its crew in 1839 and tried to return to Africa, but the United States seized the ship and, through a supreme court case, freed the slaves.

Gullah Jack

East African who helped Vesey's Rebellion

Abby Kelley

Threw herself into the abolitionist movement after joining the Female Anti-Slavery Society. He have public speeches about slavery, and they were not also accepted well. Her career illustrated the interconnections of the eras reform movements. Wanted to help save the country for the sake of future generations.

The Reform Impulse

Abolitionism was only one of many efforts to improve American society. Americans political and social activities were organized through voluntary associations. Many people wanted to precent the manufacture and sale of liquor, improve conditions in prisons, expand public education, improve the condition of wage laborers, and reorganize society on the bassi of cooperation rather than individualism. All groups wanted the publics support for their cause. They gave speeches, created petitions, and published pamphlets. Some causes flourished throughout the country, but others like women's rights did not have a strong following in the south.

Moral Suasion

The effort to move others to a particular course of action through appeals to moral values and beliefs, without the use of enticements or force, used during the Reform Movements.

Government Reform

Some wanted to use the power of the governments, and the constitution to force the sinners to change their ways.

Utopian Communities

Others wanted to create small communities that could prove to the whole of America that the community was the ideal way to live. They all differed greatly in structure and motivation. All wanted to show that their way of life was the best way, and that meant some democracies, and some iron rulers. Some religious and some for economic reasons. Most wanted to create a cooperative basis, and restore social harmony to a world of excessive individualism.

Shakers

They were trying to escape from a society that was very sinful. They had a significant impact on the outside world. At their peak, their communities included more than 5,000 members. They kept sexes divided for the most part, and did not acknowledge individual accumulation of land.

Mormons

Created and run by Joseph Smith, who rules with an iron fist, and he refused to separate church and state. Also, the practice of polygamy was questionable to neighbors.

Oneida

Founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848. They abandoned private property and traditional marriage. He wanted to create a society that was a "holy family" of equals. Any man could propose sex to a woman who could decline or accept, and it would be registered in the public record book. To become a member of the community one had to accept Noyes's teachings, and follow his rules. It was a strict system, regulating things like child birth, and sex. Seemed like voluntary slavery.

Owenites

Created by Robert Owen in Scotland, it combined strict rules of work discipline with comfortable housing and free public education. He was appalled by the conditions of works in the early industrial revolution, that is why he created this utopia. His factory village became a massive producer of cotton. Owen wanted children to be removed from their parents at a early age and put into school to rid the child of individual ambition. This community did not survive long, but had great affects on the industrial revolution.

The Temperance Movement

To northern citizens, reform became a symbol of respectability, an indication that one had taken control of this own life. The Temperance Movement of 1826 directed its efforts to redeeming not only drunks, but also the occasional drinker. It tried to persuade people to stop drinking. It was successful to many, but was not accepted everywhere.

Critics of Reform

Many Americans saw the reform impulse as an attack on their freedom. For example, they did not think that it was legal to have their alcohol taken away, because it was used in many celebrations.

Reformers and Freedom

Reformers believed that their goal was to enable Americans to enjoy genuine freedom. In a world in which personal freedom increasingly meant the opportunity to compete for economic gain and individual self improvement, they spoke of liberating Americans from various forms of slavery that made it impossible to succeed, such as drinking, poverty, and sin. They also believed that self-fufillment came through self discipline. Reformers believed that American society suffered from an excess of liberty.

Institution Building

During the 1830s and 40s Americans embarked on a program of institution building, such as jails, poorhouses, asylums, and orphanages. They wanted to help diseased people. The largest effort before the Civil War was the movement to establish common schools, open to all children. The leader of this movement was Horace Mann, he hoped that this communal learning could bring the broken society back together.

Colonization

The idea that after all slaves were freed, they should be set to Africa. Liberia became the place slaves would be shipped to. Endorsed by James Madison. Many could not understand how people could think that slavery could only end with the deportation of slaves. It was the easy way out. Most African Americans opposed the idea, and insisted that blacks were americans, entitled to the same freedoms and rights as whites.

Militant Abolitionism

Rose in the 1830's and was quite different from Colonization. A new generation of reformers rejected the traditional approach of gradual emancipation and pushed immediate abolition. They believed that blacks should stay in the country, and be equal citizens. David Walker, a free black, promoted the idea of immediate abolition, and using force if necessary. They wanted blacks to respect themselves more, and stand up for themselves.

William Lloyd Garrison

In his newspaper, The Liberator, he called for immediate abolition of slavery, and his calls echoed throughout antislavery circles. He believed that blacks must be recognized as American citizens.

Spread of the Abolitionist Movement

It spread rapidly throughout the North with the help of pamphlets, speeches, and petitions. Pamphlets and newspapers were extremely important in the spread of the movement, and helped spread the word easily. Brilliant orators were also essential in the spread, and gave very long speeches about why slavery must be abolished. Abolitionists believed that freedom meant a persons ownership of themselves, and their ability to enjoy the fruits of their labor.

Slavery and Moral Suasion

Despite the militant language of Garrison, he and many other abolitionists were pacifists. They wanted to convince slave holders that their ways were sinful. They wanted to awaken the nation to the moral evil of slavery.

A New Vision of America

The antislavery movement sought to reinvigorate the idea of freedom as a truly universal entitlement. They viewed slaves and free blacks as members of the national community. They are fellow country men, not foreigners. Blacks, once freed, should be empowered to participate fully in the public life of the United States. Descriptions of beatings, branding, and other physical sufferings of the slaves helped to popularize the idea of the bodily integrity as a basic right that slavery violated.

Race and Abolitionism

Many blacks grouped together to oppose Colonization, and also held powerful roles in the American Anti-Slavery Society. Frederick Douglass was only one among many former slaves who published accounts of their lives. His genuine stories invoked more pity from readers then if someone else had wrote it, and his narratives became extremely influential. Whites held positions of power unavailable to blacks, and were able to help push abolitionism in a way that blacks couldn't. Abolition required blacks to redefine what liberty and freedom were in America. They said that freedom is color blind.

Fear of Change

At first, abolitionism aroused violent hostility in the north who feared that the movement threatened to disrupt the Union. People were scared of throwing off the balance in the United States and did not want to create problems so they were willing to let slavery pass. Printing presses were burned down. Eventually the abolitionist movement broadened its appeal to gain the support of northerners who cared little about the rights of blacks, but sympathized with them.