APCSP

UNIT 11

The very first internet access was considered the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) which cost hundreds of thousands and was huge. They weren’t networked and often used during WW2.

The single bit, short for binary digits has two states, on or off OR 0 or 1. A vacuum tube (which is what early binary digits were called) could be seen in numerous things like light switches and computer tubes. Large 8 vacuum tubes used to hold one character and now we can fit thousands of information bites into just a small computer.

Jack Kilby invented the two-dimensional microchip which changed the world called the plannar.

The early sneaker net is the connection of personal computers but none of them were connected to each other.

The Local Area Network (LAN) was a group of computers that shared a hub that they were all plugged into in order to share information.

The client-server local area network fixed all the issues of the LAN which included servers and multiple client workstations in order to make the network stronger and faster.

The intranet connects multiple LANs to the internet in order for businesses to function as a group.

The (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) ARPANET funded by the Dept of Defense started the internet and connected tons of people across the country. The research was done by numerous universities.

Network Interface Cards (NIC) connect the computers to a network. Most modern laptops use a wireless NIC to connect to a network. WIFI also does this.

Routers are specialized computers that find and connect networks to send information from that network to a specific computer.

A switch connects computers to from a LAN, similar to a router but has more ethernet ports which help connect to a network.

An access point allows access to a LAN with a wireless network like most laptops.

Network devices in a home are a combination of modem, router, switch and access points.

Modem is an acronym that means modulate and demodulate which converts a computer signal to a phone line signal and vice versa.

The Internet Distribution Frame (IDF) conncects all the computers to a switch or a router in the IDF. The Main Distribution Frame (MDF) connects the buisness to the internet.

Bandwith is a measure of how much data cna be transmitted during a specific amount of time. megabites per second (Mbps) are similar to lanes on a highway in terms of data transport, the standord is 10. Fast is 100 and Gigabit is 1000.

Internet Protocol (IP) is the glue that holds the internet. A set of rules that governs all the transmission and routing requirements of data on the internet.

The TCP (transmission control protocol)/IP work together to transfer packets which is what the information sent back and forth are called. The proccesses of redundancy and fault tolerance ensure that packets can get to where they need to go no matter what, even if a communication line is broken.

Sequential Computing executes one program at a time. Simple, straightforward but slow.

Parallel Computing increases the speed compared to sequential by having the computers work together to solve a problem.

Distributed computing breaks up a task and has different computers doing different things, the task has a start and an end doing different things.

UNIT 6

a program is a sequence of instructions, a simple sequence of program statement is the most fundamental program segment.

George boole founded a branch of mathematics called Boolean Algebra which led to the Boolean statements. Boolean statements are either true or false.

UNIT 7

Algorithms are not computer programs. They are written in a human language as a plan for what you want the program to do but do not execute. This allows for one algorithm to be used to write a functional code in many different computing languages.

A list is a data structure that can store one or more elements.

Linear search is when you start at one end of the search items and move sequentially until you find the wanted record. This can be brutal in real life and often takes quite a while. Binary search is much faster.

Aliasing occurs when two or more data structures reference the same memory location.

UNIT 8

A procedure with no return requires using the procedure name as a stand alone program statement by itself. In a return procedure program the statement required usues the procedure name and the returned value in the procedure statement.

UNIT 9

The random procedure was introduced to randomize certain parts of procedures.

A stack overflow error is when the execution reaches a point that the computers memory cant handle it anymore.

Big-O notation is a theoretical measure of the execution of an algorithm like the time or memory saved.

UNIT 10