Hindi Exam Notes
Lesson 9: Unit I - Patterns
Subject + Verb root + ता: / ते / ति: + auxiliary मा / वे / शील: जा: हुं / है / है
Example: माँ रोज़ पाँच बजे उठती हैं।
Vocabulary includes: माँ (mother), रोज़ (daily), उठना (to wake up), टहलना (to stroll), नाश्ता करना (to take breakfast).
Grammar: Present habitual form represents an action as a fact.
Formation: Verb root + ता / ते / ति followed by an auxiliary verb.
Examples: मैं पढ़ता हूँ (I study - male), मैं पढ़ती हूँ (I study - female).
Habitual present tense patterns: खा + ता/ते/ती = खाता/खाते/खाती.
Unit II - Verb root + कर construction
Pattern: Verb root + कर
Example: सीता पाँच बजे घर लौटती है। घर लौटकर वह हाथ-मुँह धोती है।
Vocabulary includes: लौटना (to return), धोना (to wash), बदलना (to change), सु नना (to listen).
'कर' construction: Verb root + कर, written as one word (e.g., उठकर, पीकर).
Grammar: 'Verb root + कर' is adverbial and unaffected by gender/number.
Unit III - Time Expression and Fraction of Numbers
Time expression: क्या बजा है? आठ बजे हैं।
Fraction of numbers:
पौन (paun): 0.75 (e.g., पौन किलो)
सवा (sava): 1.25 (e.g., सवा रुपये)
डेढ़ (derh): 1.5 (e.g., डेढ़ किलोग्राम)
ढ़ाई (dhai): 2.5 (e.g., ढाई रुपए)
साढ़े (sadhe): 3.5 (e.g., साढ़े तीन लीटर)
Fraction of Time:
पौन / पौने एक: 0:45
डेढ़: 1:30
Grammar: Minutes after the hour use 'बजकर', minutes before use 'बजने में'.
sava is a quarter added to the number.
sadhe is for two quarters (half of a unit).
pauna is three quarters of a unit, followed by the next number.
Unit IV - Instrumental Case
Pattern: Noun + से (se)
Example: मैं पेंसिल से लिखता हूँ।
Vocabulary includes: साइकिल (cycle), सु बह (morning), पहुँचना (to reach).
'से' expresses instrumentality, means, and cause.
'से' … 'तक' denotes time: From… to.
Lesson 10: Unit I - Patterns
Subject + Verb root + रहा / रही / रहे + auxiliary verbs हूँ / हो / है / हैं
Example: लड़का दौड़ रहा है।
Vocabulary includes: सास (mother-in-law), बहू (daughter-in-law).
Grammar: Present continuous tense structure.
Unit II - Patterns
Subject + Obj. 1 + Obj. 2 + Verb + Aux.
Example: पिता पत्र लिखता है।
Vocabulary includes: गरीब (poor), कंबल (blanket).
Grammar: Dative case with transitive verbs requiring two objects.
Unit III - Patterns
A) Sub + time expression + verb root + रहा + auxiliary
B) Sub + ही
C) Sub + Ob + ही
Vocabulary includes: कल (tomorrow/yesterday), छुट्टियाँ (vacations), स्थान (place).
कल is used for both tomorrow and yesterday.
Grammar: Present continuous also indicates immediate future: Subject + Time Expression + Verb root + रहा.
ही (Emphasis Marker)
Lesson 11: Unit I - Patterns
Subject + Auxiliary (past): मैं / तू / वह + था / थी; हम / तुम / आप / वे + थे / थीं
Example: मैं दार्जीलिंग में था।
Vocabulary includes: पिछले सप्ताह (last week), ऊँचा (high), नदी (river).
Note that auxiliary verb ‘था’ is the past form of ‘होना’ (to be).
Unit II - Patterns
A) Sub + को + object + चाहिए
B) Sub + को + object + Infinitive form of verb + चाहिए
Example: मुझे एक कमरा चाहिए।
Vocabulary includes: पर्यटक (tourist), किराया (rent), चाबी (key).
चाहिए (need) is a commonly used verbal form.
Unit III - Patterns
(a) Vocative Case (Singular/Plural, Masc./Fem.)
(b) Comparison (Comparative/Superlative)
Example: शैलेश! तुम क्या कर रहे हो?
Vocabulary: बच्चा (child), देश (country), साथी (companion).
Grammar & Structure: Vocative Cases & Degrees of Comparison
Postposition ‘से’ is used for comparison between two nouns.
Lesson 12: Unit I - The following structures are introduced in this unit:
Sub + Object/Complement + Verb root + ता / ते / ती + था / थे / थी / थीं
मैं क्रिके ट खेलता था
I used to play cricket.
Vocabulary bachpan( child hood) etc……..
Unit II Structures Introduced:
Sub+ ke pass+ object+hai/tha
Ex: Ramesh ke pass nai gaddi hai ( Ramesh has a new Car)
Unit III Patterns Introduced
(I)Ordinal number pahli kaksha , barahvi kaksha ETC…
(ii) vaala( Adjective)
(iii) Conjuctions yathaavaa…
etc…
gopal ka makan. …