ww1 vocab

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Kaiser Wilhelm II|Definition: Kaiser Wilhelm II was a German Empower and King of Prussia (last one) from 1888 till 1938. - Commander in chief of the German Military - Part of the central powers - Strong militarist. Significance: - Helped strength the German navy and forge foreign alliances - Was the indirect cause of WWI because he gave Austria-Hungary a “blank check”, which meant that they have unlimited support from them, so Austria-Hungary attacked Serbia - Brave leader of central powers - Didn’t seek war directly, but his speeches implied the idea he was to blame for the conflict

Archduke Franz Ferdinand|Definition: - Archduke of Austria-Hungary Empire and tried to RESTORE foreign affairs without endangering the alliance of Germany and keep Austria-Hungary stable - Member of the Habsburg family and inspector general of the imperial army - Anti-democratic. Significance: - His assassination was the cause for the Start of WWI - Prior to WW1, a lot of his policies created conflict with Serbia - After his death, Austria-Hungary declared war on the country who seemingly was being the murder, Serbia. This set Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy against Serbia’s allies (Russia, France, and Britain) - He represented the Old feudal, aristocratic Austria - Wanted Serbia to stop the Anti-Austrian propaganda and they wanted to Inflict a military blowout on Serbia to gain more power in government. - Rejected by Serbia and led to a war and once the allies of these countries got involved it caused for the outbreak of the first World War.

Militarism|Definition: - Maintaining a strong military by upholding power among other regions. Significance: - Militarism played a huge role in keeping armed forces in competition between nation in order to gain status and power (AKA dominate) - This often blurred the line between home front(where civilians were) and battlefield (where soldiers were) especially as soldiers were recruited - Created race in European countries to acquire weapons and that led up to the WWI startup as well - Created Mobilization, which is a nations craving to mass produce products made for military purposes that were ready to go.

Imperialism|Definition: - The policy of extending authority among an empire/nation, holding dependency among civilians Policy of colonizing land to get resources, territory, power, and influence and establish economic and political dominance over rival nations; a MAIN cause of World War I. Significance: - Intense global competition for resources and power led empires to adopt indirect financial and political control. European powers expanded their power aggressively, turning the conflict to rivalry and that meant that there was colonization happening (mainly Africa) Created deep resentment and mistrust between major European powers They became power hungry and tried to dominate continental countries as well, which is the reason WW1 had caused so many fatalities. Germany used Imperialism to take over Belgium, Romania, and Serbia, which caused Allies, such as Britain to join war and give Germany more power due to the land, troops, and military bases they expanded

Nationalism|Definition: - Extreme dedication to one’s nation. A very strong sense of patriotism and superiority over other countries. Significance: - Countries felt superior to theirs, and would act aggressively without trying to improve their country and without realizing their negative impact on others The network of global empires meant the conflict instantly spread beyond Europe, changing a regional dispute into a "World" War as fighting occurred in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East over colonial possessions. Imperial holdings provided the essential manpower and raw materials that sustained the war effort, with millions of colonial soldiers and workers The war directly caused the collapse of centuries-old land empires People in their respective country had extreme commitment and love for their nation (even if under other nations rule) and that caused conflict between Serbia and Hungary-Austria (cause of WW1) due to Serbia’s animosity towards Wilhem II, and pride to avenge their country. Serbia also wanted independence from the Ottoman empire and Hungary-Austria, and in 1878, they tried to gain control of Bosnia and Herzegovina to create the “Serbian” state, which led to the assassination of the Archduke that spared WW1 - Created a 'rip' in the peace of europe

Trench Warfare|Definition: - Enemies would dig deep holes (12 feet) to create jams where neither side would make progress - Dug in zig zag patterns so soldiers should travel between layers - primary goal was to exhaust the enemy's manpower and resources rather than achieve victory. - It was a major tactic used during WW1, but caused a lot of diseases, and due to the poor hygiene the soldiers were living in, there was a lot of deaths, causing many casualties. Significance: - caused immense psychological trauma, making the war a symbol of human suffering - created a strategic stalemate on the Western Front, forcing a defensive war of attrition - Neither side would attack, and that would cause just more death with no progress - The no-man land would be used for battle where soldiers would go fight by leaving their trenches even though it was risky for them, but staying inside the trenches was also risky, which means it's a no-win situation - It acted as a catalyst for military technological innovation, driving the development and use of new weapons like tanks, poison gas, and improved machine guns in an attempt to break the deadlock. - The system resulted in casualty figures for minimal territorial gain, shaping the war's legacy as a senseless - reshaping post-war attitudes towards warfare and authority and helped establish more principles into the just war doctrine - INEFFECTIVE METHOD of war because it did not make sense with long range weapons and more advanced tactics were used

U.S, entry- Zimmerman Note & Lusitania|Definition: - Coded telegram made in January 19th, 1917, and was sent to the President of Mexico by the German foreign minister - The sinking of Lusitania by the German U-boat killed 128 Americans', and 1195 people, which showed how Germany is trying to invade America, and that (inferring here) is a violation of international law and human rights. - German foreign minister attempts to convince Mexico to join their alliance in return for Germany's help to help them reclaim Texas and New Mexico from the United States, and the British had interpreted the message and delivered it to President Woodrow Wilson on Feb 24th to tell him what was going on, which helped shift the U'S's public opinion in favor on entering WW1

Battle of Verdum|Definition: - Lasting from Feb 21-Dec 18, 1916, it was a battle between the French and German along the Meuse River, where France repulsed a major German attack that was meant to crush the French army before the Alliances grew in strength through the full deployment of the British Forces - Longest battle of the war. Significance: - Symbol of fighting on the Western Front due to the combination of little visible progress and large scale violence - Germans attacked the city of Verdun since they knew it was a vital French fortress and a symbol of the French military pride to bleed the French white, which resulted in mass causalities for both sides - It was designed as a battle of pure attrition to "bleed the French army white." - showcased the horrifying reality of industrial warfare and artillery dominance. - The fighting over barren, shell-cratered terrain symbolize the utter destruction and futility of the war of attrition. - The battle resulted in catastrophic casualties for strategically negligible gains. - After ten months of fighting, the front lines ended up nearly where they began, but at a cost of over 700,000 French and German soldiers killed or wounded. This staggering loss for no tangible victory cemented Verdun's legacy as the ultimate expression of the senseless slaughter of WWI.

Battle of Sonne|Definition: - Lasting from July 1st 1916 to November 18th 1916, it was a battle between the Allied forces of Britian and France vs German empire - Fought in northern France along the Somme River - Due to the French losses at the Battle of Verdun, British troops were forced into the leading role of the battle, which helped to take pressure of them in battle, meaning that the unprepped British troops had to take on majority of the offensive - Created by Britain and allied forces to relive pressure off the city of Verdun - Failed to break the German lines, and is a metaphor of senseless bloodshed and slaughter - attritional warfare on the Western Front. - The primary strategic goal was to force the German army to divert troops and resources away from the Verdun sector, making the Somme a crucial part of the broader Allied strategy in 1916. - The first day of the battle remains the bloodiest in the history of the British Army - It resulted in unimaginable casualties for minimal territorial gain, becoming a symbol of the war's futility - After nearly five months of fighting, the Allies had advanced only about six miles. - small gain cemented the Somme's legacy as an example of the wasteful slaughter of industrial-aged attrition warfare.

Poison Gas|Definition: - Poison gas is a poisonous gas or liquid or a solid giving off poisonous vapors designed to kill, injure, or disable by inhalation or contact - Made with a variety of chemical compounds. Significance: - A tactic used to attack enemy territory without physically going into the trenches - Caused instant/slow death, thus creating the gas masks to protect soldiers when gas came - Germany’s newest weapon (included chemical arsenal and chlorine gas) that irritated the lung tissue which can cause a choking effect and could cause death. • This new form of weapon caused panic and stress to the enemies. - gas caused blindness, blistering, and internal searing, creating long-term health effects - tactically indecisive, but it forced a fundamental change in combat logistics and degraded a soldier's effectiveness, slowed down operations, and added a new layer of physical and psychological strain to the environment. - It spurred a rapid chemical arms race throughout the war. Nations moved from simple choking agents like chlorine to more lethal and persistent weapons like phosgene, which could contaminate the ground for days and silently inflict casualties without a direct attack. - Implying that it was a regulation of inhumane and uncontrollable weapons in modern conflict, and was probably banned from usage in the future.

Machine Gun|Definition: - Automatic gun that fires bullets rapidly for however long the trigger I pressed. - Extremely strong defensive tool. Significance: - Made attacking extremely hard, and was mainly used in no-man’s land and extremely dangerous to pass through with them because enemy side would make it so their machine guns overlapped each other’s fields - Changed the way wars were fought, with the entirely automatic gun and barrage fire now invented - rendered traditional infantry assaults obsolete and forced the abandonment of Napoleonic-era tactics. - The machine gun's defensive power, capable of mowing down advancing waves of infantry, was the primary reason the Western Front descended into the stalemate of trench warfare. - Its effectiveness directly spurred the development of new technologies and tactics designed to overcome it. The invention of the tank, poison gas, in part, responses to the machine gun's dominance on the battlefield.

Total War|Definition: - The idea of not only soldiers being a part of the war, but also the society as a whole - Economics, Populations, industries, and countless resources plus everything in between was controlled by government through war - An unrestricted war in terms of weapons used, and territory or combatants. Significance: - Led to propaganda being made for the government to cover amount of involvement and use it as a force to create pride (spread nationalism ideals?) as a way to have total control of society - Blurred the lines between civilians and soldiers because in some countries, ordinary citizens had to house solders and treat them as they were a part of their family - Millions of men and women volunteered to help in the war. Men for recruitment and women for military nurses and aids as well as canteen workers. Many women signed up just so more men could become soldiers. - This resulted in a huge scale of mobilization - Important because WWI was referred to as the first ‘total war’ - Totally digarded the use of the Just-War doctrine as chemical weapons were used, and compromise was rejected. - accelerated social change, such as the role of women, and expanded the power of the state over individual lives. Financially, it lead to massive debt, inflation, and physical destruction. The total nature of the conflict also contributed to the harshness of the post-war peace treaties

Russian Revolution (include Vladimir Lenin)|Definition: - A revolution of the people on Tsarist’s rule dude to the weak government and the starvation of the people in 1917 - Money was losing it’s value and there was widespread hunger as well as a lot of casualties of the soldiers. Remaining soldiers lost hope in their relationship - Causes of the Russian revolution. Significance: - Vladimir Lenin was a Russian revolutionist, who in a similar way to Robespierre used this weak time to establish the world’s first communist State after Germany returned him from Exile in Switzerland to Russia so while the Russian Revolution was going on, it will leave room for negative affects in WWI and that made them leave WWI - He promised them peace, bread, and land. He wanted to withdraw Russia from WWI, which was the MAJOR CAUSE OF UNREST AND DESIRE FOR CHANGE IN RUSSIA. Land for REDISTRIBUTE LAND AMONG THE PEASENTS. Bread, WIDESPREAD HUNGER AND ECONOMIC CRISIS. - The first of the two different revolutions in

Treaty of Versailles (include reparations)|Definition: - Signed during June 28,1919 and officially ended WW1. - Punished Germany by taking away its territories and giving some to neighboring countries, placing some under international control as well as stripping. Significance: - Limited Germany’s military, and made it stricter than during the Napoleonic wars thereby restricting its ability to wage war in the future (which did not work) - Also blamed them as the sole responsibility for WWI and imposed massive reparations that hurt their Economy - Germans viewed treaty as harsh and humiliating to them, which led to Germans becoming unsettled, losing jobs, exc.. and Hitler came and promised to make Germany great again by pushing his aggressive policies, which lead to another World War known as WWII - Build off of Woodrow Wilson league of Nations to prevent future wars and create international cooperation - exemplified the failure of the victorious powers to create a stable and lasting peace. - the treaty of Versailles, which was signed between Germany and the Allied forces was a peace agreement that made sure Germany had to take full responsibility for the full cause of the war and pay reperation, which in turn plunged Germany into a debt and caused their currency value to lower, causing the people to buy more items that were limited and that increased the cost of items (inflation). This treaty failed to resolve the underlying issues and paved the way 20 years later for a big conflict known as WWII - Germany ended up losing land in Europe and they had to reduce their army and make large payments for damage that occurred in the war - The league of nation made by Woodrow Wilson failed to create peace because it was unanimous and too selective, thereby making it so that certain countries were globally viewed as enemies.

Great Depression|Definition: - a long and severe slump in economy or market - all countries were struggling to get financially stable again because of the war. Significance: - The war led to a disturbance in international trade, making it hard for recovery, and since countries were in an extremely weak state, it lead to the Great Depression - Economic downturn basically caused a lot of unemployment (20%) in the U.S. - Inflation, which is a gradual decrease of purchasing power, was caused due to how people began using credit to purchase items - The economic collapse discredited the democratic governments of Germany and other nations, creating desperation that allowed extremist, nationalist parties like the Nazis to rise to power by promising recovery and restoring national pride. - economic desperation directly contributed to the causes of WWII

How did WW1 lead to WW2?|Moreover, WW1 left many people hopless, and this allowed fir totalitarian leaders like Hitler, to take control and use nationalism to rise to power so he can overthrow the German democracy and create the Nazi party, thereby not permitting any individual freedom. Many countries were upset like Japan, Germany and Italy, which resulted in them losing territory, and due to the territory disputes, the anger fueled to start another World War

What were the causes of the Russian Revolution?|CAUSES OF RUSSIAN REVOLUTION - WW1 DISRUPTED THE FRAGILE ECONOMY AND STRAINED INFASTRUCTURE OF THE RUSSIANS, AND AS WAR DRAGGED ON, RUSSIA SUFFERED A SERIES OF DEFEATS, and that caused the morale of the people to go down, and made them question the countries leadership as well as the their global dominance. Moreover Russia faced Economic, social and political problems such as lacking in industrialiszation compared to global nations, economy was dipping, bread prices went up, the social hierarchy system was very rigid, population density caused dispersion, and the loss of the Ruso-Japan war had made Russia lose control of manuchurian lands, which led to the official spark of the revolution. Moreover Tsar Nicholas II refusal to implement meaning reforms, and Vladimir Lenins return from Switzerland with the help of the Germans allowed him to spread ideas of freedom to the already unrest population on food, peace, and land. This made them fight for their beliefs, that ultimately ended up as the Russian revolution