KP

04 Water Supply

Water Supply Overview

  • Presented by: Engr. Miguel G. Cabanit

Agenda

  • Water Supply Source

  • Water Demand

  • Water Conservation

  • Quality Requirement

  • Water Regulations

Introduction

  • Environmental engineers ensure the provision of quality drinking water for domestic, commercial, and industrial use.

  • Key aspects of water supply include:

    • Demand projections

    • Quality requirements

    • Evaluation of surface water and groundwater sources

    • Groundwater production and surface water treatment

    • Saline water treatment and nonconventional water production

    • Treated water distribution

  • Focused question: "Where does Cebu’s water come from?"

Local Water Sources

Local Dams

  • Significant dams in Cebu:

    • Buhisan Dam (Cebu City)

    • Malubog Dam (Toledo City)

    • Jaclupan Dam (Talisay City)

Local Weirs

  • Examples:

    • Jaclupan weir supplies agricultural and irrigation needs.

Local Wells

  • Increased reliance on groundwater due to low recharge rates.

Rivers

  • Example:

    • Luyang River in Carmen is a major potable water supplier, facing a crisis.

Water Demand

Current Situation

  • MCWD Data (2023): Metro Cebu has a water supply deficit of 250,000 cubic meters/day.

    • Demand: 500,000 cubic meters/day

    • Supply: 250,000 cubic meters/day (including private wells)

Causes of Insufficiency

  • Increasing population in Metro Cebu

  • Over-extraction of groundwater

  • Saltwater intrusion

  • Nitrate contamination of groundwater wells

  • Moratorium on groundwater drilling

Water Conservation

Importance

  • Critical practice in response to global water supply strains from:

    • Population growth

    • Urbanization

    • Climate change

    • Pollution

  • Conservation methods can reduce water consumption and utility costs.

Strategies for Conservation

  • Manage and use water resources efficiently to reduce waste.

Water Conservation Exercises

  • Activities:

    • Limit shower time to 4 minutes.

    • Collect greywater for reuse and measure the quantity.

Water-Efficient Technologies

Developments

  • Water-efficient appliances, fixtures, and irrigation systems reduce waste.

Examples of Technologies

  • Water leak detection systems

  • Reusable systems for rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse.

Agricultural Efficiency Measures

  • Focus on:

    • Improving irrigation efficiency

    • Promoting drought-resistant crops

    • Implementing water-saving practices

Land Use Planning & Green Infrastructure

  • Urban strategies to:

    • Manage stormwater runoff

    • Replenish groundwater

    • Reduce potable water needs for landscaping

Techniques

  • Permeable Pavement: Allows stormwater to filter through.

  • Rain Gardens: Designed to soak up rainwater runoff.

Water Pricing and Incentive Programs

  • Implementation of tiered pricing systems to promote conservation.

  • Incentive programs that provide rebates or subsidies for water-saving devices.

Public Awareness Campaigns

  • Initiatives run by governments, NGOs, and community organizations to:

    • Raise awareness

    • Encourage behavioral changes in water usage.

National Water Quality Requirements

Definition

  • Water quality is determined by its chemical, physical, and biological characteristics.

  • Important for drinking, cooking, and recreational activities.

Factors Affecting Water Quality

  • Concentration of dissolved oxygen

  • Bacteria levels

  • Salinity and turbidity

  • Measurement of algae and contaminants.

Domestic Water Use

Standards for Potability

  • Ensuring safe consumption through limits on contaminants:

    • Microbial (e.g. bacteria, viruses)

    • Chemical (e.g. heavy metals, pesticides)

    • Physical properties (e.g. turbidity)

Turbidity Measurement

  • Definition: Refers to the cloudiness of water due to suspended particles.

Recommended pH Levels

  • The recommended range for drinking water is 6.5 to 8.5.

Clarity and Taste

  • Domestic water must be clear, colorless, and free of odors.

Chlorine Residual

  • Chlorine added to maintain quality in a range of 0.3 to 1.5 ppm.

Commercial Water Use

Health and Safety Standards

  • Water quality requirements for establishments such as:

    • Restaurants and hotels

    • Recreational facilities.

Aesthetic Considerations

  • Clarity, taste, and odor are essential for customer satisfaction in commercial settings.

Industrial Water Use

Process Requirements

  • Tailored water quality requirements for:

    • Manufacturing processes

    • Equipment (cooling and boiler feed).

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

Overview

  • Landmark legislation aimed at protecting and conserving water resources.

Water Quality Standards

  • Establishes standards for safe surface and groundwater usage.

Pollution Control Programs

  • Mandates the development of programs to manage pollutants from diverse sources.

Regulatory Framework

  • Establishes agencies like the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB) for enforcement.

Wastewater Management

  • Requires treatment of wastewater before discharge.

Septage Management

  • Develops local programs for wastewater disposal/treatment.

Public Participation

  • Encourages community involvement in water management.

Inter-Agency Cooperation

  • Promotes collaboration among various government levels and agencies.

Incentives and Rewards

  • Provides financial benefits for water quality management initiatives.

Penalties for Violations

  • Fines for illegal discharge into water bodies; empowered agencies to enforce compliance.