review

Anatomy: study of the structures of the human body and their positional relationships to one another

Gross anatomy: study of larger body structures (bones, muscles, and organs)

Microscopic anatomy: the study of smaller structures seen through microscopes (cells and tissues)

Comparative anatomy: studies commonalities and differences between structures of all life forms

Surface anatomy: studies relationships of structures found on the surface of the body and how they relate to internal structures

Physiology: the study of how the body and its individual parts function during normal body processes

Comparative physiology: the study of similarities and differences in vital body processes

Developmental physiology: the study of embryonic development

Pathophysiology/pathology: the studies of disease

Homeostasis: the constant and stable internal environment within a narrow range despite changes that occur in the external environment

Normal body temp: 98.6°F (irrespective of room temperature)

Allostasis: the process of achieving homeostasis through physiologic and behavioral changes

Homeostasis and allostasis is regulated by:

Nervous and endocrine systems

Levels of Organization

  1. Chemical

  2. Cellular

  3. Tissue

  4. Organ

  5. Organ system

  6. Organism

Chemical: chemical elements or biochemistry of the body (ex. Atoms, compounds, gases, minerals, and molecules)

Cellular: cells; provides functions vital for life (muscle and nerve cells)

Tissue: groups of cells that possess similar structures and perform specific functions (epithelial and connective tissues)

Organ: composed of structures containing two or more tissue types (kidneys and bladder)

•Cortex: outer region of an organ (cerebral cortex)

• Medulla: inner region of an organ (adrenal medulla)

• Lumen: space within a hollow tube (intestines and blood vessels)

Organ system: a group of related organs with complementary functions arranged into systems performing physiologic processes (respiratory and digestive systems)

Organism: represents a living entity composed of several organ systems to promote life (homo sapiens, fish, frogs, and butterflies)

Cell: smallest structural and functional unit to exist as a self sustaining entity

• 75-100 trillion cells present in the body at any given moment

• Blood cells= smallest cells

• Ovum(egg) cells= largest cells

Elements: chemical building blocks that make up cells (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen)

Trace elements: minerals, also present in cells(calcium, iron, iodine, sodium, potassium)

• important for cellular functions;

•calcium=blood clotting

•iron= hemoglobin (transport oxygen in blood)

• Iodine= thyroid hormone (metabolism)

Metabolism: the biochemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life

water makes up approximately 60-80% of all cells

Cytology: the study of cells

Parts of a Cell

  1. cell membrane

  1. cytoplasm

  2. organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, mitochondrion, lysosome, nucleus)

Cell membrane (plasma membrane):

• Separates intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid

• semipermeable + functions like gates in a fence (allows some material to pass and limits or blocks other materials)

facilitates the exchange of nutrients and wastes

• some contain receptors for hormones or other regulatory chemicals, which can be passive or active, which are discussed later.

• ”gatekeeper” of the cell

Cytoplasm: a gel- like intracellular fluid (fluid inside a cell)

• aka protoplasm

•contains;

Organelles