Untitled Flashcard Set

  • Definitions: * Systolic Pressure: Pressure when the first Korotkoff sound is heard.

    • Diastolic Pressure: Pressure when the last Korotkoff sound disappears.

    • Sphygmomanometer: The scientific name for a blood pressure cuff.

  • Flow Types: * Laminar Flow: Smooth, silent flow (normal state of a brachial artery before cuff inflation).

    • Turbulent Flow: Corresponds to Korotkoff sounds produced as blood squeezes through a partially compressed artery.

  • Calculations to Know:

    • Pulse Pressure = $Systolic - Diastolic$.

    • Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) = $Diastolic + 1/3(Pulse Pressure)$.

Cardiovascular Fitness (Ex 7.7)

  • Key Terms:

    • Athlete’s Bradycardia: A lower-than-average resting heart rate caused by higher levels of parasympathetic inhibition of the SA node.

    • Aerobic Capacity ($VO_2$ max): The maximum rate of oxygen consumption by the body.

    • Lactate Threshold: The intensity of exercise where lactic acid begins to accumulate significantly in the blood.

  • Concepts: As a person ages, their maximum cardiac rate decreases. Endurance-trained athletes have a higher aerobic capacity primarily due to an increased stroke volume.

2. Blood & Leukocytes (Ex 6.1, 6.2, 6.3)

You must be able to recognize leukocytes and understand blood typing.

Red Blood Cells & Hemoglobin (Ex 6.1)

  • Hematocrit: The percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

  • Erythropoietin: The hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow.

  • Bilirubin: The pigment derived from heme (minus iron) that can cause jaundice if it accumulates.

  • Anemia: A general term for low RBC count or low hemoglobin.

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) (Ex 6.2)

You need to recognize these five types :

  1. Neutrophils: Polymorphonuclear (multi-lobed nucleus) with pale granules; major phagocytes.

  2. Eosinophils: Have granules that stain bright red.

  3. Basophils: The rarest WBC; dark blue/purple granules.

  4. Lymphocytes: Agranular, small, with a large round nucleus and little cytoplasm.

  5. Monocytes: Agranular and phagocytic; the largest WBC.

Blood Typing (Ex 6.3)

  • Agglutination: The clumping of RBCs when they encounter matching antibodies (e.g., Type A blood clumps with Anti-A serum).

  • Universal Donor: Type O negative.

  • Universal Recipient: Type AB positive.

  • Erythroblastosis Fetalis: Occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus.