civic ss2 second term first half

Interpersonal relationships

Definition: Interpersonal relationship can be defined as a strong or close association between two or more people, which may be brief or enduring. This association may be based on inference, love, solidarity, business etc. the way people relate with each other is influenced by culture, social norms and other societal beliefs.

Essentials of interpersonal relationships

  • Common goals
  • Mutual respect
  • Healthy interdependence
  • Transparency

Stages of interpersonal relationships

  1. Acquaintance stage: It entails exchanging and knowing basic information about each other.
  2. Build-up stage: this stage involves signs of growth, trust and care about each other in the relationship.
  3. Continuation: at this stage each persons commitment to the relationship increases, thus, there is deeper sense of trust, confidence and closeness between both parties
  4. Deterioration stage: Not all relationships deteriorate, but those that do show signs of trouble, boredom, dissatisfaction etc; the commitment begins to wane owing to the fact that love, trust and passion towards each other is fading away.
  5. Termination stage: due to deterioration of the vital elements of love, trust and passion, a point is reached where the relationship dies. This stage could also be caused by death or spatial separation.

Types of international relationships

  1. Man and woman relationship: this type of relationship can be between two unmarried or married adults. For the unmarried, it could lead to marriage, while for the married, it is needed for companionship and procreation.
  2. Citizens and the government: government exist for the purpose of ensuring law and order, and managing state affairs. The citizens on the other hand must recognize and submit to the rules and regulations of the state.
  3. Teacher-student relationship: this relationship is built in the process of classroom teaching and learning in schools. The purpose is for the teacher to help the learners realize and achieve the purpose for which he or she is in school.
  4. Parent and children relationship: this relationship exists between parents and their children. After birth, children are to be nurtured, loved, and cared for in the family.

Skills that promote interpersonal relationships

  • Tolerance: it is the act of respecting other peoples, opinion, views or beliefs even though you don’t agree with them
  • Honesty: this entails telling the truth always, both in practices and the words.
  • Kindness: this is the quality of high generosity and consideration to people who are I need, without expecting the same favor in return
  • Patience: this is the quality of enduring other people’s inadequacies, faults, without complaining or getting angry
  • Caring: this is the act of showing concern or looking after others, caring gives people a sense of belonging

Inter-communal Relationships

Inter-communal Relationships: can be defined as the interaction or association that exists between two or more communities; based on mutual understanding and interest.

Note: a community is a geographical area, which consists for people who share similar characteristics, such as economic, social, political, cultural characteristics such as language etc.

Importance of interpersonal relationships

  1. Development: interaction between one community and another encourages the transfer or exchange of ideas and skills. Such ideas and skills if put to use will bring about socio-economic development in the communities.
  2. Security: inter-communal relationship fosters security as the communities take if upon themselves to protect each other in time of international crisis. They feel at peace that the peace of one community can determine the progress of another.
  3. Promote trade: community relations encourages economic activities buy and sell between communities. For instance, one community cocoa and the other buys it to process it into beverage.
  4. Enhances peaceful co-existence: communities who are in a cordial relationship will experience peace between themselves. Such communities will also experience general development.
  5. It promotes co-operation and inter-tribal marriages: a cordial inter-communal relationship will produce co-operation among communities, and may reflect in their willingness to give their sons and daughters to each other in marriage.
  6. Foreign investment: harmony between inter-national communities will attract foreign investment. Such investment creates employment opportunities, increase tax generation and government earnings

Skills for resolving inter- communal conflicts

  1. Dialogue: it involves warring communities choosing delegates or representatives to come together to discuss the issues between them, as well as finding a lasting solution to the conflict.
  2. Mediation and re-conciliation: it is an attempt by rural party to resolve an issue between two communities. mediation can be a leader of other communities, this approach becomes necessary when the warring communities cannot sort out their differences on their own
  3. Emergency rule: it involves the government intervention in conflict when other solutions have failed. It involves restricting the movement of members of the warring communities when negotiations are ongoing.
  4. Compromise: it involves a give and take where the communities will have to shift ground so that peace can reign
  5. Through the law court: it is a legal means for resolving conflicts between communities. They will engage the service of lawyers, and judgement will be passed based on evidence{s} presented.

TRAFFIC REGULATION

Traffic regulations can be defined as the laws, signs/signals and policy regarding traffic, made by appropriate authorities, to regulate the conduct and behavior of road users.

They provide information and direction to road users as to where a particular road leads while others warn them of possible dangers associated with certain driving habits.

Traffic rules for road users

  • Road users should obey traffic officers e.g. warden
  • Avoid over speeding
  • Possess valid driver’s license
  • They should register their vehicles
  • They should service their vehicles regularly

Examples of traffic rules for motorists

  • Avoid taking alcohol before and during traffic
  • Avoid driving above speed limit
  • Use seatbelt while driving
  • Obey traffic lights and wardens
  • Avoid overloading the vehicle

Traffic rules for motorcyclists

  • Use a crash helmet
  • Ride at a reasonable speed
  • Look back at up close vehicles before turning
  • Avoid riding with one hand
  • Carry only one passenger

Traffic rules for pedestrians

  • Walk on the side of the road facing traffic
  • Make use of zebra-crossing
  • Walk on footpath
  • Make use of pedestrian bridge
  • Avoid walking on the road when drunk

Roles of individuals in maintaining traffic regulations

  1. Individuals should obey all traffic rules and regulations while on the road
  2. Individuals should respect the rights of road users always
  3. Individuals should report traffic law breakers to appropriate officials like FRSC
  4. Enlightened individuals should educate other road users on traffic rules and regulations
  5. Individuals can join NGO’s to propagate traffic rules and regulations

Roles of government in maintaining traffic regulations

  • Enactment of laws: Government through appropriate should enact laws regarding traffic. Such laws should be reviewed regularly to accommodate recent development in traffic management
  • Bold display of road signs: Road signs should be conspicuous on the road, so that users can easily read them, to guide their movement and prevent accident.
  • Ensure the provision of traffic lights and bridges: the availability and even distribution of traffic lights, will prevent chaos and accident of the roads.
  • Establishment of traffic agencies: Government through its agencies should regularly educate the people on traffic rules and regulations