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Notes

Water purification is where various chemicals, materials and contaminants are removed from the water.

>It aims to remove contaminants, suspended particles, parasites, pathogens, and bacterial as well as plants and fungi. 

Distillation- Process where liquid is converted into vapor then back into liquid form. 

Deionization-ion removal through the extraction of dissolved salts

The  water purification process is aimed to achieve clean water, which many industries rely on such as, medical, pharmacological, chemical, agricultural, and industrial. 

  • Water is received and used by local bodies of water.

Process

Water is treated at water treatment plants, however what the abilities of the plant depend on their sources level of pollution and contamination

Water softening- process of removing calcium and magnesium that cause hardness in the water

Treatment

Targets: biological contaminants, chemical, suspended material

  • Screening-removes large debris from the water. Typically common when purifying water whose source is from lakes or rivers. 

  • Pre-conditioning- When hard water (water with high mineral content) is treated with sodium carbonate, in order to remove calcium carbonate. This turns hard water into soft water. This is because deposits of calcium from hard water can gather in pipes.

  • Prechloration- the last step of pre-treatment; chlorine is applied to raw water that has high concentrations of natural organic matter. However, this creates by-products such as trihalomethanes, haloacetic acid, chlorite, and bromate, which can lead to consequences health issues

  • Sometimes chemical treatment and refinement happens, this includes coagulation in which small particles that are suspended in water clump together (floccation) and reside towards the bottom of the tank.

  • Filtration- uses filters to remove particles and unsettled floc and algae. 

  • Disinfection- final step of purification, whee microbes such as bacteria viruses, and pathogens are killed via disinfectant chemicals. Which typically includes chlorine, ozone, ultraviolet radiation, or hydrogen peroxide. Ion exchange removes metal ions to prevent tooth decay.