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Chapter 6 - Mercantilism and Colonial Wars

Restoration

  • Protectorate ruled by Oliver Cromwell under a dictatorship

  • 1660 - Exiled son of Charles I ascends to throne as Charles II

  • ^^Under Charles II + James II, Britain had heavy control over colonies^^

\
Salutary Neglect

  • 1660-1763

  • The Glorious Revolution marked the end of the French + Indian War

  • Created colonies for business ventures and/or religious refuges

  • Included colonies’ self-gov’t + protected rights

  • More control in the future would eventually lead to resistance and the American Revolution

\
Mercantilism

  • Nations are in competition (economic rivals = natural enemies)

  • Ensured a favorable balance of trade

  • ^^Colonists gave raw goods to Britain + bought manufactured goods from Britain^^

    • Benefited Britain

  • Limited colonial economy + created dependence

\
Navigation Acts

  • 1651, 1660

  • Charles II created new colonial control policies

  • Because ONLY British merchants could ship goods, there was high revenue for Britain

  • Colonists avoided compliance

\
Dominion of New England

  • ^^Enforced tight bureaucratic control^^

  • Created by James II + led by Edmund Andros

  • Ended by Glorious Revolution

\
Glorious Revolution

  • 1688-1689

  • English citizens rejected James II + overthrew him

  • Put William and Mary on the throne

\
Georgia

  • 1733 - Founded by James Oglethorpe to reform British debtor prisons

  • Because it was a penal colony, it was expendable

  • ^^Served as a buffer colony b/w Britain + Spain’s territories^^

  • Unsuccessful as an alternate source of silk

\
Leisler’s Rebellion

  • 1689 - Jacob Leisler + New York merchants rebel against aristocracy

  • Showed American colonists’ distaste of European political structures

\
Bacon’s Rebellion

  • ^^1676 - William Berkeley refused to help colonists in danger of Native American attacks, which angered Nathaniel Bacon^^

  • Bacon + other colonists attacked Native Americans + burned Jamestown

  • Showed that American frustration w/ British mismanagement would eventually led to violence

\
French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War)

  • Climax of conflicts b/w Britain, France, Spain

  • War started in 1754

  • Britain + Iroquois Native Americans vs. France + Huron Native Americans

  • 1763 - Treaty of Paris (France cedes land to Britain)

  • New taxes on American colonists to pay for war

\
Albany Plan of Union

  • Proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754

  • ^^A central gov’t would unify the colonies + make it easier to coordinate defenses against the Native Americans + French attacks^^

  • Unpopular

  • “Join, or Die.”

\
Fort Duquesne

  • French + Indian War

  • George Washington attacked fort twice

  • Fell to the British in 1758

  • Renamed Fort Pitt (after William Pitt)

  • 3 rivers + city of Pittsburgh

\
Battle of Quebec

  • ^^Represented the climax of French and Indian War^^

  • General Wolfe assaulted the fortress from behind + inflicted many French casualties

  • France surrendered Canada in 1760

\
William Pitt

  • Continued formation of British empire

  • Served as Secretary of State of British empire in 1756

  • Rallied anti-French support

  • Helped Britain during French + Indian War

\
Molasses Act

  • 1733

  • Hated by American colonists

  • ^^Colonists were only allowed to sell sugar to Britain^^

  • Resulted in more smuggling

\
George III

  • 1760 - Came to power during French + Indian War

  • Extended firmer control over British colonists (abused power)

\
Proclamation of 1763

  • 1763

  • Britain didn’t use standing army to protect colonists (eventually resulting in Pontiac’s Rebellion)

  • Colonists couldn’t settle past Appalachian Mts. (couldn’t expand into Ohio River Valley)

  • ^^Colonists defied British authority because they were hungry for land^^

\
Paxton Boys

  • Scots-Irish frontiersmen

  • Marched to Philadelphia in 1764

  • Disliked Quakers because they did not use violence to defend against Native Americans

\
Land Fever

  • ^^Expanding west would relieve tensions in Coastal Plain (problems caused by soil depletion + population growth)^^

  • Faced Native American attacks + harsh conditions

\
Daniel Boone

  • Personified westward expansion

  • Led settlers west in 1775

  • Led frontier militia + position in colonial gov’t

\
Regulator Movement

  • 1768 - Uprising in North Carolina

  • ^^Scots-Irish protested concentration of power in coastal regions^^

\
Green Mountain Boys

  • Formed in Vermont in 1770

  • Militia group of frontiersmen + land speculators

    • Unsatisfied w/ East, wanted freedom in West

  • Militia force in American Revolution

\
Zenger Trial

  • ^^Represented freedom of the press^^

  • 1735 - John Peter Zenger not charged for slander

    • Proved that if criticism of royal governor is TRUE, it can be printed in newspapers

\
Patrick Henry

  • 1763 - Calls King George III a tyrant

  • Lawyer + orator in House of Burgesses

  • Parson’s Cause

  • “Give me liberty, or give me death!”

  • 1787 - Didn’t like centralization of power in Constitutional Convention

\
BIG PICTURE

  • Evolving British philosophies → Impacted relationship b/w Britain + colonies

  • Stronger control over colonies → Conflict

  • Fought for British in 3 wars → Independent identity + unity

  • Mercantilism + absolutism → Abused & neglected colonists’ rights

  • Rebellions - Use violence to redress grievances

\

  • Indentured servitude

    • Improved farming conditions + climate in England → Young men stayed in England

    • Provided labor source in Virginia → Improved economy

  • Primogeniture

    • Only benefitted oldest son → Sons of gentry have small chance of getting rich in England

    • Encouraged immigration to America

  • Rhode Island and New Hampshire - New England colonies

    • Massachusetts - Puritans are religiously intolerant

    • Roger Williams + Anne Hutchinson banished from Mass. Bay → Founded RI + NH

    • RW - Wanted separation of church & state + disagreed w/ Puritan treatment of Native Americans

    • AH - Criticized limited role of women in Puritan society

  • Greatest significance of Spanish encomienda system in 16th century?

    • Spanish Crown forbade slavery

    • Included native chiefs + elders in system → Lessened Native American rebellions

    • Cash crops + mercantilism are NOT primary goals

  • Southern gentry

    • Large plantation homes

    • Gained great wealth through plantation economy → Built large homes replicating European manor houses

  • Which colony valued formal education for children?

    • Massachusetts

    • Puritans - Educate children → Religion will survive

    • Preserve Puritan culture + keep followers homogenous & disciplined

    • Separation of church + state → Created public schools

  • Maryland - Religious tolerance

    • Lord Baltimore - Refuge for Roman Catholics persecuted by Anglican Church

    • Religious freedom only for Christians

    \n \n

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Chapter 6 - Mercantilism and Colonial Wars

Restoration

  • Protectorate ruled by Oliver Cromwell under a dictatorship
  • 1660 - Exiled son of Charles I ascends to throne as Charles II
  • ^^Under Charles II + James II, Britain had heavy control over colonies^^

\
Salutary Neglect

  • 1660-1763
  • The Glorious Revolution marked the end of the French + Indian War
  • Created colonies for business ventures and/or religious refuges
  • Included colonies’ self-gov’t + protected rights
  • More control in the future would eventually lead to resistance and the American Revolution

\
Mercantilism

  • Nations are in competition (economic rivals = natural enemies)
  • Ensured a favorable balance of trade
  • ^^Colonists gave raw goods to Britain + bought manufactured goods from Britain^^
    • Benefited Britain
  • Limited colonial economy + created dependence

\
Navigation Acts

  • 1651, 1660
  • Charles II created new colonial control policies
  • Because ONLY British merchants could ship goods, there was high revenue for Britain
  • Colonists avoided compliance

\
Dominion of New England

  • ^^Enforced tight bureaucratic control^^
  • Created by James II + led by Edmund Andros
  • Ended by Glorious Revolution

\
Glorious Revolution

  • 1688-1689
  • English citizens rejected James II + overthrew him
  • Put William and Mary on the throne

\
Georgia

  • 1733 - Founded by James Oglethorpe to reform British debtor prisons
  • Because it was a penal colony, it was expendable
  • ^^Served as a buffer colony b/w Britain + Spain’s territories^^
  • Unsuccessful as an alternate source of silk

\
Leisler’s Rebellion

  • 1689 - Jacob Leisler + New York merchants rebel against aristocracy
  • Showed American colonists’ distaste of European political structures

\
Bacon’s Rebellion

  • ^^1676 - William Berkeley refused to help colonists in danger of Native American attacks, which angered Nathaniel Bacon^^
  • Bacon + other colonists attacked Native Americans + burned Jamestown
  • Showed that American frustration w/ British mismanagement would eventually led to violence

\
French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War)

  • Climax of conflicts b/w Britain, France, Spain
  • War started in 1754
  • Britain + Iroquois Native Americans vs. France + Huron Native Americans
  • 1763 - Treaty of Paris (France cedes land to Britain)
  • New taxes on American colonists to pay for war

\
Albany Plan of Union

  • Proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754
  • ^^A central gov’t would unify the colonies + make it easier to coordinate defenses against the Native Americans + French attacks^^
  • Unpopular
  • “Join, or Die.”

\
Fort Duquesne

  • French + Indian War
  • George Washington attacked fort twice
  • Fell to the British in 1758
  • Renamed Fort Pitt (after William Pitt)
  • 3 rivers + city of Pittsburgh

\
Battle of Quebec

  • ^^Represented the climax of French and Indian War^^
  • General Wolfe assaulted the fortress from behind + inflicted many French casualties
  • France surrendered Canada in 1760

\
William Pitt

  • Continued formation of British empire
  • Served as Secretary of State of British empire in 1756
  • Rallied anti-French support
  • Helped Britain during French + Indian War

\
Molasses Act

  • 1733
  • Hated by American colonists
  • ^^Colonists were only allowed to sell sugar to Britain^^
  • Resulted in more smuggling

\
George III

  • 1760 - Came to power during French + Indian War
  • Extended firmer control over British colonists (abused power)

\
Proclamation of 1763

  • 1763
  • Britain didn’t use standing army to protect colonists (eventually resulting in Pontiac’s Rebellion)
  • Colonists couldn’t settle past Appalachian Mts. (couldn’t expand into Ohio River Valley)
  • ^^Colonists defied British authority because they were hungry for land^^

\
Paxton Boys

  • Scots-Irish frontiersmen
  • Marched to Philadelphia in 1764
  • Disliked Quakers because they did not use violence to defend against Native Americans

\
Land Fever

  • ^^Expanding west would relieve tensions in Coastal Plain (problems caused by soil depletion + population growth)^^
  • Faced Native American attacks + harsh conditions

\
Daniel Boone

  • Personified westward expansion
  • Led settlers west in 1775
  • Led frontier militia + position in colonial gov’t

\
Regulator Movement

  • 1768 - Uprising in North Carolina
  • ^^Scots-Irish protested concentration of power in coastal regions^^

\
Green Mountain Boys

  • Formed in Vermont in 1770
  • Militia group of frontiersmen + land speculators
    • Unsatisfied w/ East, wanted freedom in West
  • Militia force in American Revolution

\
Zenger Trial

  • ^^Represented freedom of the press^^
  • 1735 - John Peter Zenger not charged for slander
    • Proved that if criticism of royal governor is TRUE, it can be printed in newspapers

\
Patrick Henry

  • 1763 - Calls King George III a tyrant
  • Lawyer + orator in House of Burgesses
  • Parson’s Cause
  • “Give me liberty, or give me death!”
  • 1787 - Didn’t like centralization of power in Constitutional Convention

\
BIG PICTURE

  • Evolving British philosophies → Impacted relationship b/w Britain + colonies
  • Stronger control over colonies → Conflict
  • Fought for British in 3 wars → Independent identity + unity
  • Mercantilism + absolutism → Abused & neglected colonists’ rights
  • Rebellions - Use violence to redress grievances

\

  • Indentured servitude

    • Improved farming conditions + climate in England → Young men stayed in England
    • Provided labor source in Virginia → Improved economy

  • Primogeniture

    • Only benefitted oldest son → Sons of gentry have small chance of getting rich in England
    • Encouraged immigration to America

  • Rhode Island and New Hampshire - New England colonies

    • Massachusetts - Puritans are religiously intolerant
    • Roger Williams + Anne Hutchinson banished from Mass. Bay → Founded RI + NH
    • RW - Wanted separation of church & state + disagreed w/ Puritan treatment of Native Americans
    • AH - Criticized limited role of women in Puritan society

  • Greatest significance of Spanish encomienda system in 16th century?

    • Spanish Crown forbade slavery
    • Included native chiefs + elders in system → Lessened Native American rebellions
    • Cash crops + mercantilism are NOT primary goals

  • Southern gentry

    • Large plantation homes
    • Gained great wealth through plantation economy → Built large homes replicating European manor houses

  • Which colony valued formal education for children?

    • Massachusetts
    • Puritans - Educate children → Religion will survive
    • Preserve Puritan culture + keep followers homogenous & disciplined
    • Separation of church + state → Created public schools

  • Maryland - Religious tolerance

    • Lord Baltimore - Refuge for Roman Catholics persecuted by Anglican Church
    • Religious freedom only for Christians

    \n \n