Review
cell organism - all cells consist of one cell, come from a previous cell, smallest living thing
volume increases more rapidly than cell surface
semifluid matrix - cytoplasm
minimum distance two parts can be apart and distinguished - resolution
microscope with strongest resolution power- electron microscope
what do you call the membrane molecule that has a polar region with two nonfatty region - phospholipids (in a lipid bilayer)
regulated transportation through cells on both sides of the cell - transmembrane proteins
All living cells surrounded by plasma membrane - interior is hydrophobic, exterior is hydrophilic
Cholesterol messes with the fluid movement of cells
Prokaryotes - bacteria, archaens
Pili - short flagella that occur on some prokaryotes; helps the prokaryotic cells attach to appropriate substrates and aids in the exchange of genetic information between cells.
eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles and prokaryotes dont
Plant cells vs animal cells
Central vacuole and convert sunlight to energy using chloroplast
Nucleus of eukaryote cell - storage cells with dna
loose form of DNA is chromatin
condensed form is chromosomes
inside nucleus there is the nucleolus, i bnt is the sight that ribosomes are made
Endoplasmic R
After ER comes Golgi complex
Mitochondria use the inner membrane to produce ATP
Organelle that contains enzymes - libosomes
what organelle detoxifies cells - peroxisomes
oxidative metabolism - occurs in the mitochondria
fold of the inner mitochondria is crista
photosynthesis occurs in chloroplast
2 organelles that once believed to be free living cells - mitochondria and chloroplast
Circular DNA - supports what evidence? endosymbiosis
Active philimins - pinches apart
Centrioles - key role in producing microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division; formation of cilia and flagella
plants and fungi lack centrioles
cilia and flagella differ from each other b/c of their length
within the cell transportation- microtubules, connecter proteins, motor molecules
in between plant cells that glue them together - lamella
exterior to plasma membrane is the cell wall
cell wall keeps structure and support and protection
passive movement of molecules - diffusion (doesn’t require energy)
What process carries protein and energy - active transport
what process allows cells to engulf… - receptive mediator endocytosis
Look into the different engulfing procedures
Phagocytosis- engulfs organic matter
pinocytosis - engulfs liquid matter
All matter moves
diffusion occurs because of random movement of molecules
rate of diffusion increases with temperature, pressure, and how steep the gradient is
energy is the ability to work
chemical bonds storage what energy? - potential energy
all forms of energy can be converted into heat
pH, Temperature and a repressor affects the action of enzymes
Coupled reaction - a pair of chemical processes in which an unfavorable endergonic reaction is driven by a favorable exergonic one
all cells convert energy in food into ATP by cellular respiration
components of ATP - adenine and 3 phosphates and ribose
energy can be changed from one form to another but nver destroyed
disorder in a cell increases (endothermic laws or something)
Absorbing energy - endergonic
chemical reaction used to lower activation energy is called catalysis using a catalyst.
Activation energy
sight on surface of enzyme that something binds to - active sight
on the enzyme its the active sight
on the reactant that binds to the enzyme is called the binding site
biochemical pathways - product of one chemical reaction is the reactants of another substrate, by the end substrate it is end product?
substrate attaches to enzyme but it changes the shape of the enzyme - repressor
competitive reactions - noncompetitive and competitive inhibitor
Some enzymes can work in intense conditions by temperature or pH
Shape dictates function
in people high fevers can be dangerous because enzymes can denature
Some organisms that photosynthesis - plants, algae, and some protist
1% of energy is used from the sun
within chloroplasts, thylakoids are stacked
what reflects red light - cartenoids
ATP is synthesized by chemiosmosis
electrons are passed down by electron transport systems
light dependent reactions - needs light, pumps hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space \
for every 6 molecules of carbon inter the Calvin cycle, one glucose is produced
most atmospheric oxygen is produced from photosynthesis, water is produced from water
when carbon dioxide is low in a leaf the Calvin cannot proceed efficiently and the result is - photo respiration
C4 photosynthesis is an adaptation to minimize photo respiration
fixes carbon dioxide into AOA
ADP is recyled back into light dependent reactions
Learn the photosystem cycles
what are the products of light dependent reactions - atp and nadph
acts like an antenna to collect proteins? - antenna complex
3 turns of the calvin cycle produce a 3 carbon GPE
what are the inputs of the calvin cycle? - CO2
in plant cells light dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid
caratenoids absorb violet and blue but reflects red
plants absorb blue and red light and reflect greeb
reactants of photosynthesis are water and Co2
main products are glucose and oxygen
fulll range of energy in sunlight is the electromagnetic spectrum
What is rubisco - enzyme that carries out the first step of the Calvin cycle
what describes cellular respiration is the breaking down or building of ATP
first stage of cellular respiration is glycolosysis
2nd stage - kreb cycle (occurs only in mitochondria)
glycolysis reactants, water, atp, glucose and NADP+
NADPH carries electrons
break apart glucose we get 2 pyruvates (3 carbon)
what are the reactants of the kreb cycle? - Acetyl OA, NADP+, ADP, AOA, and water
Products - 6 NADH, 2 FADH and 2 ATP
protein complexes as proton pumps which gets them to the inner membrane of the mitochondria
process of cellular respiration - oxidizing glucose and reducing oxygen
glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm
glycolysis doesn’t need oxygen and can occur in aerobic places
Products of Glycolysis - ATP and NADH
ATP is made during glycolysis by substrate level phosphorylation
NADH electron carrier
during cellular respiration, NADH, and FADH2 act to transport electrons to the electron transport chain on the inner membrane
2 net ATP in glycolysis
what is the name of the enzyme that removes carbon dioxide from pyruvate to create acetyl Aoa-dehydoxinaize - pyruvate dehydrogenase
Learn the Krebs cycle!!
Acytyl-CoA is the substrate or reactant to the krebs cycle
first step - acetyl-CoA combines with oxalacetate to produce a 6 carbon molecule
oxidative respiration reproduces Co2, ATP, NADH and FADH2
aerobic cellular respiration takes place in the matric of the mitochondria
consists of 9 reactions that removes two carbon from acetyl-CoA
main function of electron transport chain is to create chemiosmosis
how many times does the kreb cycle turn per glucose? - 2 times
pyruvate dehydrogenase is the complex of enzymes that removes co2 from pyruvate
during fermentation blank gets converted into alcohol in the anaerobic environment
during fermentation lactide acid build up by lack of oxygen
what is produced when alcohol is made? Carbon dioxide, ethanoyl, ATP
during fermentation NADP+ is recycled.
Password for writing - Kr3b