Ap world unit 3-4

1450-1750 Review

Theme #1 EXPLORATION/INTERACTION/DIFFUSION 

The interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, made possible by transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade and had a significant social impact on the world.

Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation

The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of global wind and currents patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible. 1- Provide examples of underlined developments:

New state-supported transoceanic maritime exploration occurred in this period. 

Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific (Philippines) dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and -Northern Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.

2-Where did Portugal establish a trading post empire?

The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver. 3-What Asian goods were exchanged for European silver?

4-Define the following

Mercantilism

Atlantic trading system (Atlantic Circuit)

Columbian Exchange...Can you identify key plants, animals, and diseases?

Religious conflicts or the development of syncretic belief systems and practices.  5-What role did religion play in the following Movements

Protestant Reformation

Ottoman and Safavid empires

Sikhism

Antonian Movement 

Theme #2: ECONOMICS 

 Although the world's productive systems continued to be heavily centered on agriculture, major changes occurred in agricultural labor, the systems and locations of manufacturing, gender and social structures, and environmental processes

The demand for labor intensified as a result of the growing global demand for raw materials and finished products. Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed in nature, plantations expanded, and the Atlantic slave trade developed and intensified.

Peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions as the 

demand for food and consumer goods increased.  

Examples-Silk Production China, Cotton Textile Production India, Russian Serfs

Enslavement in Africa continued in its traditional forms, including incorporation 

of enslaved persons into households and the export of enslaved persons.

1-Where were these slaves (East Africa) sent?

Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit’a, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems.  2-How did each function?

Brazil -Engeho 

Imperial conquests and widening global economic opportunities contributed to the formation of new political and economic elites

Examples Manchus in Qing China, Peninsulares/Creoles in Casta (Encomienda) system, European Merchants.  3-What was the goal of the Ottoman Devshirme System?

The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders. 

Examples- Ottoman timars, Russian boyars, European Nobles, Daimyo in Japan

4-How did the Tokugawa Shogun alter the power of the Samurai class?

Some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the trade in enslaved persons.

Examples- Decreased male population in West Africa resulted in increased polygamy(multiple wives). 

Theme #3: GOVERNANCE 

Empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world, shaping and being shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated.  

1-What technological innovation allowed this to take place?

Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule. 

Religious Ideas: Divine Right Monarchy in France & Russia, Songhai promotion of Islam, 

Twelver Shiism Safavid

Art & Monumental Architecture: Qing imperial portraits, Mughal Taj Mahal, European 

palaces, such as Versailles

Many states, such as the Mughal and Ottoman empires, adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity OR states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups’ roles in society:

Examples: Expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal; the acceptance of 

Jews/Chrisitans in the Ottoman Empire; Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing 

China.  2- How did leaders in Mughal India accomodate diversity?

Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals to maintain power

Examples-Ottoman devshirme; Salaried samurai

Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.

Examples Mughal zamindar tax collection, Ottoman tax farming, Ming practice of 

collecting taxes in silver currency.  3-How did the Mughal Zamindar and Ottoman timur 

system function?

Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres Europeans established new trading posts in Africa and Asia

Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies.

Examples Ming China, Tokugawa Japan

4-Explain the motive behind Tokugawa isolationism

The expansion of maritime trading networks fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo, whose participation in trading networks led to an increase in their influence.

5-How did the kingdom of Kongo expand its borders?

Despite some disruption and restructuring due to the arrival of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch merchants, existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish and included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants. 

Examples of Indian Ocean Merchants who continued to trade: Swahili Arabs, Omanis, Gujaratis, Javanese 

Land based empires expanded their borders are conducted both internal and external policies

6-Examples of Land based Empires could include

Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires

7-Examples of Maritime Empires could include

Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.

Examples Safavid–Mughal conflict; Songhai Empire’s conflict with Morocco

State expansion and centralization led to resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups on a local level.

Examples of local resistance: Pueblo Revolts, Cossack revolts, Queen Nzinga’s resistance, Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War), Maroon villages

8-Choose 1 and explain the causes and effects of the resistance movement