cs ch1

Chapter 1: Introduction to Java Software Solutions

Overview of Course Focus

• Object-Oriented Software Development:

  • Problem Solving

  • Program Design, Implementation, and Testing

  • Object-Oriented Concepts:

    • Classes

    • Objects

    • Encapsulation

    • Inheritance

    • Polymorphism

  • Graphical User Interfaces

  • Java Programming Language

Fundamentals of Computer Processing

• Major Topics Covered:

  • Components of a Computer

  • Information Storage and Manipulation

  • Computer Networks

  • The Internet and World Wide Web

  • Programming and Languages

  • Introduction to Java

  • Overview of Object-Oriented Concepts

Outline of Major Topics

• Computer Processing

• Hardware Components

• Networks

• The Java Programming Language

• Program Development

• Object-Oriented Programming

Hardware and Software

• Hardware:

  • Physical components (e.g., keyboard, monitor, disks)

• Software:

  • Programs and data; series of instructions

• Dependency:

  • Hardware and software are interdependent; one is ineffective without the other

CPU and Main Memory

• Central Processing Unit (CPU):

  • Executes program commands

• Main Memory:

  • Primary storage area (RAM) for programs and data in active use

Input/Output Devices

• Devices include:

  • Monitors, keyboards, mice, touch screens

• Facilitate user interaction with the computer

Secondary Memory Devices

• Serves for long-term storage

• Examples:

  • Hard Disk, USB Flash Drives

Software Categories

• Operating System:

  • Controls machine activities, manages resources

  • Examples: Windows, Mac OS, Unix/Linux

• Application Programs:

  • Generic term for software not covered by the OS category

  • Examples: Word processors, games, missile control systems

Analog vs. Digital Data

• Analog:

  • Continuous data, directly proportional representation

  • Example: Music on a record album

• Digital:

  • Information represented as distinct pieces; sampled values

  • Example: Music on a compact disc (CD)

Sampling of Information

• Digital representation involves the sampling process which may lose information

Digital Information Storage

• All information (numbers, text, images, etc.) is stored digitally

Representing Text Digitally

• Each character stored as a numerical value (e.g., ASCII coding)

Binary Numbers

• Information is represented using binary system (0s and 1s)

• Device efficiency based on representing only two states (on/off)

Bit Permutations

• Each additional bit doubles the number of representations

• Calculating permutations:

  • 1 bit = 2 items, 2 bits = 4 items, 3 bits = 8 items, 4 bits = 16 items, etc.

Example Check for Bit Representation

• Quick Check:

  • To represent 50 states, 6 bits needed (2^6 = 64 permutations)

Memory Specifications

• Computer Specification Example:

  • Intel Dual-Core i7 processor, 4 GB RAM, 750 GB Hard Disk

Memory Structure and Data Storage

• Memory divided into locations (or cells), each with a unique numeric address

Storage Capacity

• Defined in bytes: kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB), etc.

Memory Types

• Main Memory: Volatile

• Secondary Memory: Nonvolatile

RAM vs. ROM

• RAM: Random Access Memory

• ROM: Read-Only Memory

Compact Discs and DVDs

• CD-ROM: Portable read-only memory

  • Represents binary data via pits and smooth areas

• DVDs: Higher storage capacity than CDs; uses similar technology

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• CPU is the microprocessor managing all program instructions

• Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle: Constantly cycles through instructions

Monitor Specifications

• Size measured diagonally, with resolution determining sharpness of display

Networking Concepts

• Computer Network:

  • Two or more computers sharing data/resources

• Local-Area Network (LAN):

  • Covers small distance; connects computers within buildings

• Wide-Area Network (WAN):

  • Connects LANs over longer distances

The Internet Structure

• Originated as ARPANET, a government project; expanded in 1980s and 90s

TCP/IP Standards

• TCP/IP: Set of rules for inter-communication across networks

Domain Names and IP Addresses

• Unique identifiers for computers; typically in hierarchical structure

World Wide Web (WWW)

• Provides access to diverse information with common interface

• Information retrieved through browsers using HTML and URLs

Introduction to Java Programming

• Java, created by Sun Microsystems in 1995, employs specific rules and structures for programming

Java Program Structure

• A program includes classes and methods, with a main method being vital

Comments and Identifiers in Java

• Comments enhance code readability and do not affect execution

• Identifiers are constructed using letters, digits, underscores but cannot start with a digit

Reserved Words

• Predefined terms in Java that cannot be used as identifiers

Program Development Process

• Involves writing, translating, and debugging the program

Language Levels and Compilation

• Different levels: machine, assembly, high-level, and fourth-generation languages

Java Compilation Process

• Java source code transformed into bytecode, executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

Programming Errors

• Types of errors: syntax, run-time, and logical errors

• Emphasis on program testing before deployment

Problem Solving in Programming

• Steps include understanding, designing, implementing, and testing solutions

Object-Oriented Programming Principles

• Objects represent real-world entities and encapsulate state and behavior

Classes and Inheritance

• Classes serve as blueprints for objects; inheritance allows class hierarchies for data organization

Summary of Chapter Highlights

• Key topics included computer components, information manipulation, networking, and Java programming basics.