KC

cs ch1

Chapter 1: Introduction to Java Software Solutions

Overview of Course Focus

  • Object-Oriented Software Development:

    • Problem Solving

    • Program Design, Implementation, and Testing

    • Object-Oriented Concepts:

      • Classes

      • Objects

      • Encapsulation

      • Inheritance

      • Polymorphism

    • Graphical User Interfaces

    • Java Programming Language

Fundamentals of Computer Processing

  • Major Topics Covered:

    • Components of a Computer

    • Information Storage and Manipulation

    • Computer Networks

    • The Internet and World Wide Web

    • Programming and Languages

    • Introduction to Java

    • Overview of Object-Oriented Concepts

Outline of Major Topics

  • Computer Processing

  • Hardware Components

  • Networks

  • The Java Programming Language

  • Program Development

  • Object-Oriented Programming

Hardware and Software

  • Hardware:

    • Physical components (e.g., keyboard, monitor, disks)

  • Software:

    • Programs and data; series of instructions

  • Dependency:

    • Hardware and software are interdependent; one is ineffective without the other

CPU and Main Memory

  • Central Processing Unit (CPU):

    • Executes program commands

  • Main Memory:

    • Primary storage area (RAM) for programs and data in active use

Input/Output Devices

  • Devices include:

    • Monitors, keyboards, mice, touch screens

  • Facilitate user interaction with the computer

Secondary Memory Devices

  • Serves for long-term storage

  • Examples:

    • Hard Disk, USB Flash Drives

Software Categories

  • Operating System:

    • Controls machine activities, manages resources

    • Examples: Windows, Mac OS, Unix/Linux

  • Application Programs:

    • Generic term for software not covered by the OS category

    • Examples: Word processors, games, missile control systems

Analog vs. Digital Data

  • Analog:

    • Continuous data, directly proportional representation

    • Example: Music on a record album

  • Digital:

    • Information represented as distinct pieces; sampled values

    • Example: Music on a compact disc (CD)

Sampling of Information

  • Digital representation involves the sampling process which may lose information

Digital Information Storage

  • All information (numbers, text, images, etc.) is stored digitally

Representing Text Digitally

  • Each character stored as a numerical value (e.g., ASCII coding)

Binary Numbers

  • Information is represented using binary system (0s and 1s)

  • Device efficiency based on representing only two states (on/off)

Bit Permutations

  • Each additional bit doubles the number of representations

  • Calculating permutations:

    • 1 bit = 2 items, 2 bits = 4 items, 3 bits = 8 items, 4 bits = 16 items, etc.

Example Check for Bit Representation

  • Quick Check:

    • To represent 50 states, 6 bits needed (2^6 = 64 permutations)

Memory Specifications

  • Computer Specification Example:

    • Intel Dual-Core i7 processor, 4 GB RAM, 750 GB Hard Disk

Memory Structure and Data Storage

  • Memory divided into locations (or cells), each with a unique numeric address

Storage Capacity

  • Defined in bytes: kilobyte (KB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB), etc.

Memory Types

  • Main Memory: Volatile

  • Secondary Memory: Nonvolatile

RAM vs. ROM

  • RAM: Random Access Memory

  • ROM: Read-Only Memory

Compact Discs and DVDs

  • CD-ROM: Portable read-only memory

    • Represents binary data via pits and smooth areas

  • DVDs: Higher storage capacity than CDs; uses similar technology

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

  • CPU is the microprocessor managing all program instructions

  • Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle: Constantly cycles through instructions

Monitor Specifications

  • Size measured diagonally, with resolution determining sharpness of display

Networking Concepts

  • Computer Network:

    • Two or more computers sharing data/resources

  • Local-Area Network (LAN):

    • Covers small distance; connects computers within buildings

  • Wide-Area Network (WAN):

    • Connects LANs over longer distances

The Internet Structure

  • Originated as ARPANET, a government project; expanded in 1980s and 90s

TCP/IP Standards

  • TCP/IP: Set of rules for inter-communication across networks

Domain Names and IP Addresses

  • Unique identifiers for computers; typically in hierarchical structure

World Wide Web (WWW)

  • Provides access to diverse information with common interface

  • Information retrieved through browsers using HTML and URLs

Introduction to Java Programming

  • Java, created by Sun Microsystems in 1995, employs specific rules and structures for programming

Java Program Structure

  • A program includes classes and methods, with a main method being vital

Comments and Identifiers in Java

  • Comments enhance code readability and do not affect execution

  • Identifiers are constructed using letters, digits, underscores but cannot start with a digit

Reserved Words

  • Predefined terms in Java that cannot be used as identifiers

Program Development Process

  • Involves writing, translating, and debugging the program

Language Levels and Compilation

  • Different levels: machine, assembly, high-level, and fourth-generation languages

Java Compilation Process

  • Java source code transformed into bytecode, executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

Programming Errors

  • Types of errors: syntax, run-time, and logical errors

  • Emphasis on program testing before deployment

Problem Solving in Programming

  • Steps include understanding, designing, implementing, and testing solutions

Object-Oriented Programming Principles

  • Objects represent real-world entities and encapsulate state and behavior

Classes and Inheritance

  • Classes serve as blueprints for objects; inheritance allows class hierarchies for data organization

Summary of Chapter Highlights

  • Key topics included computer components, information manipulation, networking, and Java programming basics.