cal Disorders OveClinirview

DSM-5-TR Categories

  • Anxiety Disorders

  • Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

  • Depressive Disorders

  • Bipolar and Related Disorders

  • Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders

  • Personality Disorders

  • Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

  • Dissociative Disorders

  • Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

  • Feeding and Eating Disorders

  • Sleep-Wake Disorders

  • Sexual Dysfunctions

  • Substance and Addictive Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

  • Definition of Anxiety:

    • A state of apprehension and tension about upcoming dangers or catastrophes.

    • Differentiated from fear due to its anticipatory nature.

  • Anxiety Disorders:

    • Characterized by excessive, irrational, automatic anxiety that is impairing.

    • Prevalence: The most commonly diagnosed clinical disorders, with a strong family history correlation and high neuroticism.

    • Types Include:

    • Specific Phobia

    • Social Anxiety Disorder

    • Generalized Anxiety Disorder

    • Panic Disorder

    • Separation Anxiety Disorder

    • Selective Mutism

    • Others

Specific Phobias

  • Definition:

    • Marked and persistent fear or anxiety regarding specific objects/situations (phobias).

  • Sub-Classification (DSM-5-TR):

    • Animal

    • Natural Environment

    • Blood-Injection-Injury

    • Situational

    • Other types

  • Commonality:

    • Many individuals may have multiple phobias.

Phobia Theories

  • Fear Conditioning:

    • Phobias arise from associating a stimulus with a negative event trauma.

    • Example: Little Albert experiment (fear conditioned through noise association).

  • Preparedness Theory:

    • Evolutionary trait that predisposes learning of certain fears with minimal experiences.

    • Example: The Garcia Effect (avoidance of poisoned food).

Social Anxiety Disorder

  • Definition:

    • Excessive anxiety about being judged, often leading to avoidance of social interactions.

    • Most commonly diagnosed anxiety disorder.

  • Craving vs. Avoidance:

    • Individuals often desire contact but fear humiliation.

  • Onset:

    • Typically in childhood; correlated with temperament, neuroticism.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

  • Definition:

    • Chronic excessive worry with three or more additional symptoms including fatigue, concentration issues, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbances for more than 6 months.

  • Neurobiological Links:

    • Higher levels of brain activity in GAD patients.

  • Predictors:

    • Family history and environmental stressors (trauma).

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

  • Definition:

    • Characterized by repetitive intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions).

    • Impairs normal functioning, around 2-5% lifetime prevalence.

    • Classified separately in DSM-5.

  • Common Obsessions:

    • Concerns about dirt, illness, symmetry.

  • Common Compulsions:

    • Excessive cleaning, checking behaviors, repeating actions.

Depressive Disorders

  • Definition of Depression:

    • Negative emotional state with unhappiness, sadness, sleep/eating changes, difficulty concentrating, and social withdrawal.

  • Types:

    • Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

    • Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

    • Other forms of depressive disorders.

  • Prevalence: Second most common disorder category.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

  • Characteristics:

    • Severe mood disturbance lasting 2 or more weeks.

    • Symptoms: worthlessness, lethargy, sleep disturbances, appetite changes.

  • Suicidal Risks:

    • Correlations with suicidal ideation and attempts.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

  • Characteristics:

    • Depressed mood most of the day for 2 years, with no more than 2 month breaks.

    • Co-occurs with MDD episodes.

Causes of Depressive Disorders

  • Biological Factors:

    • Reduced serotonin/norepinephrine levels; brain activity changes correlated with depression.

  • Cognitive Model:

    • Automatic thoughts and imbalances increase risk for depression (negative schemas).

    • Effects include:

    • Biased attention/memory towards negative events.

  • Helplessness Theory:

    • Trauma leads to perceived lack of control in negative events.

    • Beliefs become stable (perpetual negativity), global (affecting all areas), and internal (self-blame).

Bipolar Disorder

  • Definition:

    • Alternating episodes of mania and depression.

    • Prevalence: About 1%; one of the most difficult to treat.

  • Types:

    • Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymic disorder.

Causes of Bipolar Disorder

  • Genetic Factors:

    • Approximately 85% heritability; significant gene influences.

  • Brain Activity:

    • Distinct differences in brain activity during manic vs depressive episodes.

Practice Questions

  • Question on Anxiety vs. Stress:

    • How is anxiety different from stress?

    • Options include: a) sympathetic ANS triggers, b) anxiety excessive, stress not, c) anxiety anticipatory, stress not, d) none of the above.

  • Bipolar Heritability Question:

    • High heritability in bipolar suggests that if one member has it, others might too.

Next Topics

  • Future sessions will cover schizophrenia, personality disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders.