World History Study Guide Notes

Islam Key Terms:

• Caravan: A group of people, especially traders or pilgrims, traveling together across a desert.
• Sharia: The body of Islamic law.
• Quran: The central religious text of Islam, translated into many languages with a simple interface.
• Muhammad: The central figure of Islam, widely regarded as its founder and known as the "Holy Prophet".
• Shiite Muslims: Believe that Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali, was his legitimate successor as political and religious leader and prophet and that the caliph should be a successor of Muhammad.
• Oasis: A fertile area in a desert, watered by a natural well or spring.
• Hajj: One of the five pillars of Islam, the pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims are expected to make at least once in their lifetime.
• Caliph: Successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims.
• Jihad: Struggle in God’s service to overcome immorality or to spread or defend Islam, sometimes resulting in war.
• Sunni Muslims: A branch of Islam whose adherents lead the Muslim state.
• Five Pillars of Islam:
  1. Declaration of faith: "There is no god but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God."
  2. Daily prayer.
  3. Giving charity to the poor.
  4. Fasting from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan.
  5. Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca; all Muslims are expected to visit Kaaba at least once in their lives.
• Bedouins: Nomadic herders who used camels to cross scorching deserts in search of seasonal pasturelands.

Key Questions About the Spread of Islam:

• How was Islam able to spread and maintain a large and powerful empire?
  • Through extensive trading from different lands.
  • By allowing conquered people to keep their religion in exchange for paying taxes.
• What values and aspects of Islam made it appealing to converts?
  • Acceptance of people of all cultures.
  • Religious tolerance in conquered territories.
  • The idea that God loves and accepts everyone.
• What technological innovations and advances resulted from the Golden Age of Islam?

Inventions and Advances of Islamic Origin:

• The Writing System: Preserves tradition.
• Introduction of Paper: Preserves tradition and knowledge.
• Scholarly Knowledge: Used for various economic advancements, helping the Muslim world become more advanced.

Early Middle Ages in Europe Terms:

• Anti-Semitism: Hostility to or prejudice against Jews.
• Canon Law: The body of rules governing the faith and practice of members of a religious denomination.
• Lay Investiture: The appointment of religious officials by nobles/kings.
• Infrastructure: The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society.
• Chivalry: The medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code.
• Charlemagne: King of the Franks who united most of Western Europe.
• Fief: An estate of land, especially one held on condition of feudal service.
• The Vikings:

Key Questions About the Fall of the Roman Empire and the Early Middle Ages:

• How did the fall of the Roman Empire set the stage for the “Dark Ages”?
  • The fall of the Roman Empire was caused by the plague, challenges to the church, the Hundred Years' War, and increased mortality.
  • Germanic invasions.
  • The government became more oppressive and authoritarian, losing support from the people.
  • Heavier taxes, low patriotism, discipline, and devotion.
• How did the Church maintain control over kings and emperors in the early Middle Ages?
  • By wielding power over the people, who valued the Church.
  • By being needed for money for war.
• How did a manor serve as a self-sufficient community?
  • Manors were able to grow their own food and have their own churches.
  • Land was owned by lords, and farmers lived there.
  • They were basically little towns with mills, dovecotes, and tithe barns.

East Asia Terms:

• Daimyo: Warrior lord directly below the shogun in feudal Japan.
• Shogun: In Japanese feudal society, the supreme military commander who held more power than the emperor.
• Civil Service Exam: A written exam that determined what job you would get.
• Bushido: Code of conduct for samurai during the feudal period in Japan.
• Genghis Khan: A Mongol chieftain who conquered most of China; a great military leader.
• Kublai Khan: Genghis Khan’s grandson; ruled China, Korea, Tibet, and Vietnam.
• Wu Zhao:

Key Concepts of East Asian Dynasties:

• How did the Tang and Song dynasties support the Golden Age?
  • They provided stability, economic growth, and intellectual & artistic achievement.
• What were the positives and negatives of living under Mongol rule in China?
  • Positives:
    • Started trade in China.
    • Money, allies, cultural exchange.
  • Negatives:
    • Damaged territories when conquering them.
    • Lost lives during battle.
    • Got rid of civil service exam.
• How were the opportunities of noble women in China and Japan different?
  • In China, noble women were subordinate to men all of their lives.
  • In Japan, women were noblewomen during the feudal system and were trained in the military and some were legendary warriors; some supervised their family’s estates; their position went down meaning they went down in ranks in society as time went on

Africa Terms:

• Mansa Musa: The king of Mali and is considered the richest man of all time.
• Amina of Zaria:
• Animism: Belief that spirits and forces may live in animals, objects, or dreams.
• Artism: Making things by hand.
• Oba: Title for the king of Benin.
• Swahili: The largest common language in Africa.
• Gold and Salt Trade: Exchange of salt for gold.

Key Concepts Regarding Africa:

• How is the continent of Africa both diverse and complex?
  • People who live in Africa have bloodlines of more than 100 distinct populations making it complex.
  • Cultures vary by population (different customs, food, religion), and so do languages.
• How does trade contribute to cultural blending?
  • Slave trade contributed to cultures blending because when Africans were traded to different countries as slaves they started to learn about other cultures around the world.
  • Islam was spread through the trade routes in Africa, blending cultures made a new language = Swahili; lots of Middle East influence leading to spread of Muslim culture.
• What factors cause a society to collapse?
  • Different factors are the gold trade stopped, over population, over farming, weather change and European settlers taking over and robbing the kingdom.
• How did geography impact the way of life in Africa?
  • The geography impacted Africa greatly.
  • It is a peninsula with many deserted areas, little lakes for water, difficult farming and cold nights.
  • They have trouble getting water and growing the food they need.
  • There is a lot of poverty.

The Americas Terms:

• Diplomacy: The profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations.
• Mita: Forced labor by Spanish people in Peru (slaves enforced by Spanish officials).
• Welfare: The health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group.
• Chinampa: A type of agriculture.
• Tribute: An act, statement, or gift that is intended to show respect.
• Quipu: Knotted strings used by Incan officials for record keeping.
• Pachacuti: The ninth Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cusco which turns into the Inca Empire.
• Montezuma: Last Aztec emperor of Mexico.

Key Concepts of the Americas:

• What was the role of human sacrifice in the Aztec and Incan societies?
  • This was the practice of religion (religious belief) and it is a traditional cultural thing.
  • They believed that to make the Aztec gods happy and to prevent disasters at a certain time in the morning they would kill humans who were either volunteers or war prisoners.
• How did the Aztecs engineer an advanced city in Tenochtitlan?
  • By having a capital shows that the Aztecs were smart and civilized.
• What technology and system of government did the Inca use to manage a vast empire?
  • They used a system called quipu to keep their numerical records; had advanced weaponry; built wide roads and bridges for communications and military troops and transport goods.
  • All these things help people communicate and trade work.
• How did the Mayan calendar regulate aspects of daily life?
  • It regulates the aspects of daily life by the Mayan priest needing to measure the right time to hold ceremonies at the right moment.
  • Because of that many priest became mathematicians and astronomers.
  • Made an accurate 365 day solar calendar plus the priest invented a numbering system for the calendar.

High Middle Ages of Europe Terms:

• Guild: In the middle ages, association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests.
• Crusades: Holy war.

Key Figures and Documents:

• Magna Carta: Established for the first time the principle that everybody, including the king, was subject to the law.
• Parliament: The members of parliament for a particular period.
• William the Conqueror: His policies may be largely responsible for eventually making Britain the most powerful nation in Europe.
• Hundred Years War: A series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, against the House of Valois.
• Estates General: The legislative body in France until 1789, representing the three estates of the realm.
• Joan of Arc: Known for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War, and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint.
• Black Death: An epidemic of bubonic plague, a disease caused by the bacterium $Yersinia pestis$ that circulates among wild rodents where they live in great numbers and density.

High Middle Ages Key Questions

• What were the major impacts on society by the Black Death, the Crusades, and the Hundred Years War?
  • The Black Death killed a lot of people and the world took a lot of time to recover from the sickness and different medicines were in low supply. It impacted territorial expansion during the Crusades and religion.
  • The Hundred Years War was a long conflict that pitted the kings and kingdoms of France and England against each other.
  • During the 100 years was farmlands were wasted.
• What developments of the High Middle Ages challenged the feudal system and lead to the development of modern European cities?
  • The stratification of society development.
• What developments during the High Middle Ages resulted in early steps towards self government?
  • The scientific and philosophical ideas

Renaissance and Reformation: Terms

• Humanism: intellectual movement at the heart of the Italian Renaissance that forced on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues
• Inquisition:
• Patron: Person who provided financial support for the arts
• Vernacular: Everyday language of ordinary people
• Indulgences
• Ignatius Loyola: Spanish knight from a local Basque noble family, hermit, priest since 1537,
• Raphael: Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance best known for Mandanas
• Johann Gutenberg: German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe.
• Henry V||:He was the second English monarch who came from the House of Lancaster. And was the king
• Zheng He:China's early Ming dynasty.
• Purgatory: place or state of suffering inhabited by the souls of sinners who are expiating their sins before going to heaven.
• Ferdinand and Isabella: King and Queen of Spain
• Predestination: idea that God long ago who will gain salvation
• Theocracy: government run by religious leaders

Key Figures of the Renaissance and Reformation

• Elizabeth 1: Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death.
• Machiavelli: Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian Renaissance historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and writer. And was called the founder of political science.
• John Calvin: John Calvin was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. Calvinism is the belief of predestination, it was a view that the Puritans adopted. (Predestination is that works can not get you into Heaven, but good works and show that you are getting into heaven.
• Leonardo Da Vinci: Leonardo, was an Italian polymath whose areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music
• Martin Luther: Professor of theology, composer, priest, monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. He also practiced in the Medieval Catholic Church
• Michelangelo: as an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance

Key Concepts of the Renaissance

• How did the Renaissance period reflect a shift in cultural values?
  • Art was being made a lot more and artist were making a name for themselves in rome. Very important during the renaissance. Being paid to make art by the church
• What was the impact of the printing press on the Renaissance and Reformation?
  • The printing press allowed them to make more bibles and to spread news faster. Information became more common, uniting people in some sense.
• How did church reformers differ on issues of salvation, authority and interpretation of the Bible?
  • Martin Luther for example had a different interpretation of the bible because of authority. Everyone is equal to god. People sinned with taking money from people and lying what they are going to do about it.
• How did the Catholic Church respond to the threat to its authority of the Reformation?
  • The catholic church realized some of the criticism was true and worked together to address the issues.

Exploration and Isolation: Terms

• Encomienda: The system the Spanish used to enslave Natives
• Columbus Debate:
• Mestizo: person in Spain's colonies in the Americas who was of Native American and European descent
• Mercantilist: belief in the benefits of profitable trading
• Triangular Trade Route: system is the transatlantic slave trade, that operated from the late 16th to early 19th centuries, carrying slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between West Africa, Caribbean or American colonies and the European colonial
• Absolutism: the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.
• Thomas Hobbes: English political philosopher, His greatest work is the Leviathan (1651), which contains his defence of absolute sovereignty.
• John Locke: English philosopher and physician
• Louis XIV: Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715
• Social Contract: questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual.
• Voltaire: French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church
• Ethnocentrism: evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.
• The Middle Passage: refers to the part of the trade where Africans, densely packed onto ships, were transported across the Atlantic
• Isolation: policy of limited involvement in world affairs

Key Questions About Exploration

• What were the economic and cultural reasons for exploration?
  • To convert other people to Christianity and to conquer more land. Can also find gold and other trade items.
• How did the growth of intercontinental trade result in the atlantic slave trade?
  • Because of the migration to the “new world” and the trading with them, they need people to grow crops which is what the slaves do. They made rum out of sugar cane that was grown by slave brought to different places can't grow sugar cane in europe. Triangular trade
• How did advancements in technology give conquistadors an advantage over people in the “new world”?
  • They had horses, guns, they made alliances with people who have their enemy.

Absolutism and Enlightenment: Terms

• Philip ||: King of spain
• Philosophe: Members of a group of Enlightenment thinkers who tried to apply the methods of science to improvement of society.
• Peter the Great: ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire
• Separation of Powers: an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.

Key Figures of Absolutism and Enlightenment

• Montesquieu: French lawyer, man of letters, and political philosopher who lived during the Age of Enlightenment.
• Galileo: Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician who played a major role in the scientific revolution
• Divine Right: It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God.
• Catherine the Great: longest ruling female leader of Russia
• Isaac Newton: English physicist and mathematician, figured out scientific revolution

Key Questions

• How did Absolute Monarchs emerge and gain control over their kingdoms?
  • They gained control by having all the power over the people and land. Gain taxes and provide protection.
• How did the Scientific Revolution challenge accepted beliefs and create a new way of viewing the world?
  • It challenges beliefs by saying that god did not create the earth and that the world is created from science. People like Isaac Newton, made the world seem logical which was a change from thinking that all was the supernatural
• How did Enlightenment thinkers apply reasons to government, economics, education and religion?
  • They applied reason to government, economics, education, and religion by convincing educated europeans of the power of human reason. They used human behavior to solve problem in society.

The French Revolution

• Major Goals: overthrow king Louis of France and make france have a better government and lower costs and taxes and make life better for all not just the rich.

Events:

• Storming of Bastille: There was a rumor of the army coming to paris so citizens went to get weapons and fought for them in their weaponry place. But there was no weapons in the buildings.
• The Great Four: Rumors of tales of attacks on villages spread panic and rumors of soldiers seizing peasant crops; scared peasants set fire to old manor records, plus stole grain from storehouses; the attacks of the peasants showed their anger to the bad regime.
• The king and queen were sentenced to death and executed in the paris streets.
• Women wanted the king to return to paris and when he did not they went to hi with cannon and then he moved into the tuileries palace.

Figures:

• Robespierre: lawyer and politician who raised up in the committee of public safety; one of the architects of the reign of terror
• Napoleon: his family were minor nobles with little money and took the opportunity of the revolution to make a name for himself. People voted him up in power and made him emperor of France after the revolution. He was general and political leader during the war.

Outcome:

• At the end of the French revolution Napoleon made himself emperor of France. People voted for him everytime he went of in power. However after the revolution they go into a conflict with britain. He also made nationalism in france which had good and bad qualities( helped army but made other countries think of his armies as foreign oppressors)