Page 13

• Shovel Production Estimation

  • Formula for estimating production rate of a shovel Q (m3/hr) provided.

  • Example calculation given for determining hourly production of a 4m3 power shovel.

    • Cycle time, swell factor, dipper fill factor, availability, and utilization considered in the calculation.

    • Hourly production of shovel calculated in bank m3 and loose m3.

Page 14

• Hydraulic Excavators

  • Introduction of hydraulic excavators in the 1970s in the Surface Mining Industry.

  • Two basic machine configurations: hydraulic shovel and hydraulic backhoe.

  • General characteristics of hydraulic excavators listed.

    • Bucket capacities, machine weight, power ranges, mobility, gradeability, swing speeds, breakout force, and service life mentioned.

  • Comparison of characteristics between shovel and backhoe provided in a table.

Page 15

• Basic Machine Operation

  • Description of the primary use of hydraulic excavators for excavating and loading.

  • Operation cycle outlined: cutting, swing loaded, dump, swing empty back to face.

  • Propelling, crowding, hoisting motion, and bucket rotation explained.

  • Bucket design differences between hydraulic shovel and backhoe discussed.

Page 16

• Applications of Hydraulic Excavator

  • Main uses of shovel/backhoe: loading trucks and hoppers/crushers, overburden removal, coal/ore loading, cutting trenches.

  • Distinction in digging capabilities between shovel and backhoe highlighted.

  • Various applications of backhoe in different scenarios described.

Page 17

• Comparison of Digging Motions

  • Comparison of digging motions of front-end loader, power shovel, and hydraulic shovel presented in a figure.

Page 18

• Comparison of Digging Motions

  • Continued comparison of digging