APUSH U3

Market Revolution:

1. Second Great Awakening:

   • A religious revival in the early 19th century that promoted personal salvation, social reform, and the importance of individual piety.

   • It spurred movements for temperance, abolition, and women's rights.

2. Transcendentalism:

   • A philosophical and literary movement that emphasized self-reliance, nature, and individual intuition, led by figures like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

   • It encouraged personal spirituality, independence from societal norms, and a connection to nature.

3. Canals:

   • Canals, like the Erie Canal, were a key part of the transportation revolution, linking inland areas to coastal cities and facilitating the movement of goods.

   • They were instrumental in expanding markets and promoting economic growth during the early 19th century.

Jacksonian America:

1. Missouri Compromise (1820):

   • An agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between free and slave states in the Senate.

   • It also established the 36°30' parallel as the boundary for slavery in future territories.

2. Nullification Crisis (1832-1833):

   • A political confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government over the "Tariff of Abominations," which South Carolina claimed was unconstitutional.

   • It led to the doctrine of nullification, asserting that states could nullify federal laws, which was later addressed by President Jackson’s forceful response.

3. Indian Removal Act (1830):

   • Legislation that authorized the forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the southeastern U.S. to territories west of the Mississippi River.

   • The removal led to the Trail of Tears, during which thousands of Native Americans died.

4. Maysville Road Veto (1830):

   • President Jackson vetoed the proposal for a federally funded road in Kentucky, citing the belief that internal improvements should be left to individual states rather than the federal government.

   • This veto marked Jackson's opposition to federal funding for infrastructure projects.

5. Creation & Rise of the Whig Party:

   • Formed in the 1830s in opposition to Jackson’s policies, particularly his opposition to the Bank of the U.S.

   • The party was a coalition of those favoring a stronger federal government, internal improvements, and a more active role in the economy.

6. Jackson vs. Bank of the U.S.:

   • Jackson famously opposed the Second Bank of the United States, viewing it as a corrupt institution that concentrated too much power in the hands of the wealthy elite.

   • In 1832, he vetoed the recharter of the bank and removed federal deposits, effectively dismantling it.

Peculiar Institution:

1. Turner’s Rebellion (1831):

   • Led by Nat Turner, this was a violent slave rebellion in Virginia, resulting in the deaths of over 50 white people.

   • It led to harsher laws and greater fear of slave uprisings in the South.

2. Defense of Slavery by Southerners:

   • Southern defenders of slavery argued that it was a "positive good" and an essential part of the Southern economy and way of life.

   • They also invoked paternalistic ideals, claiming that slavery provided care and structure for African Americans.

3. Underground Railroad:

   • A network of secret routes and safe houses used by enslaved African Americans to escape to free states and Canada.

   • Led by figures like Harriet Tubman, it was a major part of the abolitionist movement.

Antebellum America:

1. Declaration of Rights & Sentiments (1848):

   • A document issued at the Seneca Falls Convention, which called for equal rights for women, including the right to vote.

   • It marked the beginning of the organized women's rights movement in the U.S.

2. Temperance:

   • A social movement aimed at reducing or eliminating the consumption of alcohol, based on the belief that alcohol was harmful to society and family life.

   • It was one of the prominent reform movements of the antebellum period.

3. Abolition:

   • The movement to end slavery in the United States, supported by figures like Frederick Douglass, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and William Lloyd Garrison.

   • It gained significant momentum in the 1830s and 1840s, pushing for the emancipation of enslaved African Americans.

Manifest Destiny & Sectionalism:

1. Manifest Destiny:

   • The belief that the U.S. was destined by God to expand across North America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

   • This ideology fueled westward expansion and the annexation of territories like Texas, Oregon, and California.

2. Consequences of Westward Expansion:

   • The expansion led to conflicts with Native Americans, the Mexican-American War, and tensions over the extension of slavery into new territories.

   • It also contributed to the rise of sectionalism between the North and South.

3. Mexican War (1846-1848):

   • A conflict between the U.S. and Mexico, resulting in the U.S. acquisition of territories in the Southwest (including California, Nevada, and Arizona) through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

   • The war intensified debates over the expansion of slavery.

4. Compromise of 1850:

   • A series of laws designed to resolve disputes between free and slave states after the Mexican-American War.

   • It included the Fugitive Slave Act, admitted California as a free state, and allowed popular sovereignty to decide slavery in territories like Utah and New Mexico.

5. Brooks-Sumner Incident (1856):

   • A violent attack in Congress where Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina beat Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts with a cane.

   • The incident highlighted the growing tensions and violence over the issue of slavery.

6. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854):

   • A law that created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, allowing settlers to decide the slavery issue through popular sovereignty.

   • It effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise and led to violent clashes in Kansas, known as "Bleeding Kansas."

7. “Bleeding Kansas”:

   • A period of violence in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions, resulting from the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

   • It served as a precursor to the Civil War.

8. Rise of the Republican Party:

   • Formed in the 1850s in opposition to the expansion of slavery into new territories.

   • The party quickly gained traction in the North, advocating for the abolition of slavery and the promotion of free labor.

9. John Brown’s Raid (1859):

   • An attempted slave uprising led by John Brown at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.

   • Brown’s actions were condemned by many, but he became a martyr for the abolitionist cause.

10. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857):

    • A Supreme Court decision that ruled African Americans (enslaved or free) could not be citizens and that Congress had no authority to ban slavery in U.S. territories.

    • The decision intensified sectional tensions and pushed the nation closer to civil war.