Purposive Communication in En langlish - Comprehensive Notes

The Seven C's of Communication

  • Principles for effective written and spoken communication: clarity, correctness, conciseness, courtesy, concreteness, consideration, and completeness.

Communication Terminology

  • Legalese: Formal and technical language in legal documents, often difficult to understand.

  • Register: The type of language used in definable social situations.

  • Upward Communication: Employees communicate with upper management, providing feedback and raising concerns.

  • Downward Communication: Manuals and policy statements.

  • Non-Verbal Communication: A look or glance.

  • Encoder: The individual or group that develops the message.

  • Linguistic Landscape: Visible elements expressing a thought without words (e.g., street names, billboards, signages).

  • Geosemiotics: Analyzing signs where elements have meaning, conveying a symbolic message.

  • Regulatory Signs: Signs indicating authority, official, or legal prohibitions.

  • Commercial Signs: Signs advertising or promoting a product, event, or service.

  • Noise: Interference that prevents a message from being understood.

  • Context: The setting or situation in which communication takes place.

Communication Models

  • Shannon-Weaver's Model: Also known as the "Mother of all Models."

Communication Channels

  • Email: Appropriate for messages requiring receiver to think about the response.

Types of Noise

  • Physiological Noise: Hunger, fatigue, headache, stress preventing full attention.

Basic Communication Process

  • Three components: sender, channel, and receiver.

  • Receiver: Interprets and assigns meaning to the message.

Communication Barriers

  • Dyslexia: A learning disability causing difficulty in reading.

  • Culture: Different language bearing leading to different interpretations.

  • Syntax: The way in which words are put together.

Communication Tools

  • Skype: Useful for business conferences with video chatting and voice calling.

Types of Speech

  • Impromptu Speech: Given with little or no preparation.

Communication Concepts

  • Information: Data or facts shared during communication.

  • High Context: Collectivism.

  • Low Context: Individualism.

  • Communication Mode: The channel through which communicative intent is expressed.

Language Registers

  • Consultative Register: Used when speaking with someone who has specialized knowledge or is offering advice.

Types of Speeches

  • Extemporaneous Speech: Delivered with some preparation (notes or outline) but mostly off-the-cuff.

Language Varieties

  • Regional Dialect: A variety of a language spoken in a particular area, not distinct from the national language.

  • World Englishes: Regionally distinct varieties of English in areas with a long history of English usage in education, commerce, and government (Celce-Murcia, 2014).

Social Media

  • Internet-based applications for creating and exchanging user-generated content (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010).

Types of Speeches

  • Speeches about Events: Focus on past, present, or future happenings.

  • Demonstrational Speech: Shows how a process is accomplished or performed.

Language and Communication

  • Phonology: A system of pairing sounds with meaning, having a code and rules.

  • Language Acquisition: The process of perceiving, comprehending, producing, and using language.

  • Decoding: Receiver interprets symbols by converting them into concepts and ideas.

Communication Patterns

  • Single Strand Communication: Information flows from one person to the next.

  • Probability Chain: Information passes randomly from person to person.

  • Cluster Chain: An individual transmits information to a pre-selected group, who then share with other selected groups.

  • Gossip Chain: Informal group conversation where everyone is talking to each other.

  • Inner Circle: Native Language

  • Expanding Circle: Foreign Language

Communication Models

  • Lasswell's Communication Model: Defines communication by who said it, what was said, in what channel, to whom, and with what effect.

  • In Lasswell's Model:, 'In Which Channel' refers to media analysis.

  • Aristotle's Linear Model: Best for developing public speaking skills or creating propaganda.

  • Barnlund's Transactional Model: Emphasizes a multi-layered feedback system and recognizes anyone can be a sender and receiver simultaneously.

  • Dance's Helical Model: Disagrees with linearity and circularity, introducing time and continuous communication.

  • Shannon and Weaver's Transmission Model: Also known as the 'Mathematical Theory of Communication', broken down into sender, encoder, channel, noise, decoder, and receiver.

  • Schramm's Interactive Model: Information is useful when carefully put into words and conveyed.

  • Shared field of experience is the strength of Barlund's Transactional Model.

  • Interactive model deals with exchange of ideas and messages taking place both ways from sender to receiver and vice-versa.

  • Noise is the sixth element, the dysfunctional factor, included in Shannon and Weaver's Transmission Model.

Mass Communication

  • Transferring communication to large audiences using verbal and written media.

Written Communication

  • Used when the audience is distant or when records are needed.

Non-Verbal Communication

  • Haptics: Interaction involving touch.

  • Proxemics: Distance between communicators affecting communication effectiveness.

Oral Communication

  • More effective when immediate feedback is necessary.

Horizontal Communication

  • Also called lateral communication; sharing information between employees at the same level.

Barriers to Effective Communication

  • Use of Jargon: Over-complicated, unfamiliar, and/or technical terms.

Classroom Interaction

  • Students can freely interact if there is democratic atmosphere.

Speech

  • The motor of communication involving understanding and utterance.

Communication Model: David Berlo's SMCR Model

  • Represents communication in its simplest form: Sender, Message, Channel, and Receiver.

Communication Feedback

  • Examples include static over a phone line, misinterpreting a local custom, and language differences.

  • Is the response that is given after the message has been Successfully transmitted, received, and understood. It indicates comprehension and can be done through written or verbal response or in a form of action.

Ethical Communicator

  • Egalitarian, Respectful, and Trustworthy.

Written Communication

  • Printed messages like memos, proposals, emails, letters, training manuals, operating policies.

Non-Verbal Communication

  • Kinesics: Study of body movements and gestures.

  • This is a kind of noise that refers to things like hunger, fatigue, headache, stress, or really anything that prevents you from giving your full attention to someone sharing his thoughts is physiological noise.

Communication Skills

  • Listening: Processing sound waves, interpreting, and storing meaning.

  • Reading: Word recognition, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.

  • The four macro skills of communication: listening, talking/speaking, reading and writing.

Types of Noise

  • Semantic Noise: Difficulty understanding words, language, dialects, or grammar due to lack of shared meaning or differing interpretations among communicators.

Communication Platforms

  • Google Classroom: A free blended learning platform to simplify creating, distributing, and grading assignments.

Language Development

  • Pidgin: A new language developing when speakers of different languages need to communicate.

Language Registers

  • Formal Register: Used in professional, academic, or legal settings; respectful and restrained.

  • Informal Register: Conversational and appropriate for friends.

  • Language Register: The way a person speaks in relation to their audience.

Communication Elements

  • Channel: The medium used to transmit the message.

  • Semantics: Study of meaning in language.

  • Intrapersonal communication: communication with one's self, and that may include self-talk, acts of imagination and visualization, and even recall and memory.

  • Visual Communication: Uses visuals to convey information.

  • Netizens: citizens of the virtual world.

  • Native Language: The primary language of the majority population.

Key Figures

  • Protagoras: Father of Debate.

  • Aristotle: Father of Modern Communication.

Writing Skills

  • Proofreading: Checking for typographical errors.

  • Plagiarism: Wrongful appropriation and representation of another's work as one's own.

Semiotics

  • Study of making meaning, the connection between sign or symbol.

Global Communication

  • Global Village: The world as one community linked by electronic communications.

  • Globalization: Interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

Language Registers

  • Frozen Register: Historic language intended to remain unchanged (e.g., religious texts, national anthems).

Communication Definition

  • Exchanging facts, ideas, and opinions to share meaning and understanding.

Speech Communication

  • Develop confidence and effectiveness in public speaking, interpersonal, and small group communication skills.

Types of Speech

  • Demonstration Speech: Shows listeners how a process is accomplished or how to perform it themselves.

  • Descriptive Speech: Provides a detailed, vivid picture of a person, animal, place, or object.

  • Explanatory Speech: Focus on reports of current and historical events, customs, transformations, inventions, policies, outcomes, and options.

Persuasion

  • Literary technique using reason and logic to influence the audience.

Speech Types

  • Eulogy: Speech in honor of someone who has died.

  • Manuscript Speaking: Reading a speech word-for-word from its written form.

Non-Verbal Communication

  • Proxemics: Study of the use of space and distance.

  • Object Language: Use of objects, clothes, or accessories to aid communication.

  • Body Language are non-verbal cues (facial expressions, gestures, postures).

  • Tone is a variation in the pitch of the voice while speaking.

Communication Barriers

  • Jargon: Specialized terminology of a field.

Speech Skills

  • Articulation: Formation of clear sounds in speech.

Language Use

  • Pragmatics: Practical use of language.

  • Vernacular: Language common to people regardless of age, social class, gender, or race.

Multimodal Communication

  • Multimodal is the creative use of more than two communication modes to deliver meaning.

Literary Analysis

  • Thorough examination of a literary piece for critical understanding and appreciation.

Speech Types

  • Informative Speech: Clarifies or gives ideas through descriptions, characteristics, or processes.

  • Persuasive Speech: Attempts to influence beliefs, attitudes, intentions, motivations, or behaviors.

Communication Forms

  • Interview: Verbal exchange of questions and answers.

  • Epistolary: Literary work in the form of letters.

Intercultural Communication

  • Interaction between people from different cultural groups for exchanging ideas and norms with mutual respect.

Cultural Sensitivity

  • Ethnocentrism: Judging other cultures unfavorably and considering one's own superior.

Instructional Methods

  • Debates: Expressing opinions from competing perspectives to contradict each other's arguments.

Signage

  • Infrastructural Signs: Label things or directs for maintenance of infrastructure.

Communication Process

  • Transmission: Sender transmits comprehensible symbols (message) to recipient(s).

Presentation Tools

  • Flip Charts: Large pad of paper on a stand.

  • PowerPoint: Software for creating electronic presentations