Boone APUSH Final

APUSH Final Exam Study Guide 25-26 🌞

Chapter 1 

Hernando de Soto - First European to see the Mississippi River and the “Valley of the Vapors.”

Fr. Junipero Serra - Franciscan priest, established missions in California

Amerigo Vespucci - America named after him

Chapters 2 and 3 

Virginia Dare - First English child born in the New World

Roanoke - A settlement founded by Sir Walter Raleigh. 

Jamestown - first permanent English colony in North America

John Smith - issued the order, “he who does not work, shall not eat.”

John Rolfe - he was the first to successfully cultivate tobacco as a cash crop in the New World

Cecilius Calvert - responsible for the settling of Maryland

Tobacco - poor man’s crop

Sugar - rich man’s crop

Pilgrim - they wanted to break away from the Church of England

Puritans - they wanted to purify the Church of England from within

Squanto - Helped the Pilgrims through the first winter; a Native American taken prisoner by the Spanish and escaped to England

William Penn - the crown owed his father a debt; he settled for land for the Quakers

Gen. James Oglethorpe - responsible for the settling of Georgia

Mayflower Compact - this document established a “civil body politic.”

LaSalle - claimed all the land in the Mississippi River Valley for France

Chapter 4 

Theodore Frelinghuysen - he started the Great Awakening in New Jersey

George Whitefield - his last sermon in Boston drew 23000 people

Jonathan Edwards - the greatest theologian that North America has ever produced

Cotton Mather - leading supporter of spectral evidence

Increase Mather - outspoken opponent of spectral evidence; he said he would rather see 10 guilty people go free, than 1 innocent one be hanged

Ben Franklin - published Poor Richard’s Almanac

William Still - considered the Father of the Underground Railroad

Harriet Tubman - known as Moses because of all the slaves she delivered to freedom

Chapter 6 

George III - king of England during the Revolutionary War

Sam Adams - person who organized the Committees of Correspondence

John Hancock - he had a sloop called Liberty; signed the Declaration of Independence

Patrick Henry - the “Voice of the Revolution,” he gave the Stamp Act speech: “Caesar had his Brutus, Charles I, his Cromwell,…”

John Adams - he defended the soldiers accused of murder during the Boston Massacre

Lord North - British Prime Minister in 1775(the entire Revolution)

Ben Franklin - he offered to pay the damages of the Boston Tea Party out of his pocket

Paul Revere - silversmith, he created a propaganda piece after the Boston Massacre

Chapter 7 

Benedict Arnold - American hero, turned traitor

Thomas Paine - he wrote Common Sense and The Crisis. “These are times that try men’s souls.”

Thomas Jefferson - he wrote the Declaration of Independence

George Washington - Elected Commander in Chief of the Continental Army

Chapter 8

Ordinance of 1785 - this divided western lands into 36 sections of 640 acres each

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 - this had the process in which a territory could become a state; it outlawed slavery in its territory

James Madison - he was known as the Father of the Constitution

George Washington - Chairman of the Constitutional Convention

Alexander Hamilton - he “saved” the Interstate Commerce Convention by calling a meeting in Philadelphia the next year

Benjamin Franklin - he was the oldest person at the Constitutional Convention. Said it wasn’t perfect, but it was the best that could be done

Chapter 9 

Election of 1788 - George Washington

Election of 1792 - George Washington

Election of 1796 - John Adams

George Washington - first president under the Constitution

John Adams - first vice president under the Constitution

Alexander Hamilton - First Secretary of the Treasury; known as the Father of the National Debt

Thomas Jefferson - First Secretary of State; vice president under John Adams

Henry Knox - first Secretary of War

John Jay - first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

John Marshall - Chief Justice of the Supreme Court for 34 years, known as the “last Federalist.”

Aaron Burr - he was Thomas Jefferson’s running mate in 1796; vice-president; killed Alexander Hamilton

Chapters 10-11.5 25-26

Election of 1800 - Thomas Jefferson

Election of 1804 - Thomas Jefferson

Election of 1808 - James Madison

Election of 1812 - James Madison

John Adams - 2nd US president, passed the Alien and Sedition Acts, and offered negotiations to avoid starting a war with France

Alexander Hamilton - elitist Federalist, loved America more than its people, Father of National Debt, killed in a duel with Aaron Burr

Thomas Jefferson - won the election of 1804

William Clark - brother of a Revolutionary War Hero, also led the Corps of Discovery

Merriwether Lewis - Jefferson’s personal secretary, led the exploration of the new land

Sacajawea - Shoshone woman served as a guide for Lewis and Clark

Tecumseh - led a confederation of Native Americans; his name meant “Shooting Star”; killed at the Battle of Thames

Tenskwatawa - he was known as “The Prophet.”

William Henry Harrison - hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe

Andrew Jackson - hero of the Battle of New Orleans

Chapters 11.5 and 12

Election of 1816 - James Monroe

Election of 1820 - James Monroe

Election of 1824 - James Quincy Adams

Election of 1828 - Andrew Jackson

Election of 1832 - Andrew Jackson

Election of 1836 - Martin Van Buren

Andrew Jackson - the last Revolutionary War veteran to be president

Henry Clay - speaker of the House, he ran for president in 1824, he was named president JQ Adams Secretary of State; ran for president in 1832 for the National Republicans, his second attempt

John C Calhoun - second, and last, incumbent vice president to serve a new president

Pre-Civil War 

Election of 1852 - Franklin Pierce

Election of 1856 - James Buchanan

Election of 1860 - Abraham Lincoln

Henry Clay - he proposed the Compromise of 1850

John C Calhoun - he so opposed the Compromise of 1850, he was wheeled in to speak against it

Franklin Pierce - only president from New Hampshire, lost his last child before taking office

Stephen Douglas - Northern Democratic candidate in 1860; the person behind the Kansas-Nebraska Act; leading supporter of Popular Sovereignty

Abraham Lincoln - his election was seen as the last straw for South Carolina and six other states, the Republican candidate in 1860

James Buchanan - only president to remain a bachelor

John Brown - attacked pro slavery people at Pottawatomie Creek

Harriet Beecher Stowe - wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin.”

Josiah Henson - person whose life “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” may have been based upon

Civil War

Election of 1864 - Abraham Lincoln

Jefferson Davis - president of the Confederate States

Alexander Stephens - Vice President of the Confederacy, “Slavery was the chief cause of secession”; from Georgia 

US Grant - Nicknamed “unconditional surrender” and “the butcher,” the commanding Union general throughout most of the Civil War, commanded the overland campaign 

George McClellan - spent most of his time training his men, so afraid to lose that he didn't fight. Became commanding general after bull run, commanding union general at Antietam. Democratic nominee 1864

Robert E Lee - Commanding general of the Confederate Army during the Civil War

Gettysburg - July 1-3, 1863, bloodiest battle of the war, 23,000 men dead, wounded, or missing, the greatest southern defeat, where Lincoln gave his Gettysburg Address

Vicksburg - Known as the Gibraltar of the south, and as the nailhead of the confederacy, besieged by Grant, residents ration food and water, falls July 4, 1863

George Meade - replaced Hooker after the battle of Chancellorsville, commanding union general at Gettysburg

Thomas Jackson - Known as “Stone Wall Jackson” killed at the battle of Chancellorsville 

The Emancipation Proclamation - this ended slavery in any territories after January 1, 1863

James Longstreet - Known as Lee’s “old war horse” 

William T Sherman -  put in charge of the Army of the West by Grant, attacked Atlanta to take away the people’s will to fight, used scorched earth tactics in his March to the Sea

Andrew Johnson - Vice president of the union, war Democrat

Appomattox Courthouse - place where Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia to Grant

Post Civil War and Reconstruction

Election of 1868 - U.S. Grant won 

Election of 1872 - U.S. Grant won 

Election of 1876 - Rutherford B Hayes won 

Election of 1880 - James A Garfield won

John Wilkes Booth - he assassinated Abraham Lincoln

13th Amendment - ended slavery

14th Amendment - gave freed men civil rights except for the right to vote or hold office. If freed men don’t have the right to vote, they count for less representation

15th Amendment - It was intended to give freed men the right to vote, but the wording left a loophole where it said you can’t deny someone the right to vote based on race or other things, but it never explicitly gave the right to vote

Hiram Revels - first African American to serve in the Senate; first African American elected to Congress

Joseph Rainey - First African American elected to congress

Blanche K Bruce - Elevated to the Senate and became the first African American to serve a full six-year term; the last African American in the Senate until 1967

Chester A Arthur - He was Garfield’s vp after being sponsored, but became president after Garfield’s assassination. He replaced all the cabinet members except Robert Todd Lincoln, the Secretary of War. 

Charles Giteau - The assassin of President Garfield, who killed him for not giving him a job in the White House. He was the first to use the insanity defense in a high-profile case

James G Blaine - He was the Republican nominee for the election of 1884. He was “smart, gifted, and possibly corrupt.” He was part of the Mulligan Letters Scandal

Boss Tweed - Political Boss of Tammany Hall

1884-1904

Election of 1884 - Grover Cleveland

Election of 1888 - Benjamin Harrison

Election of 1892 - Grover Cleveland

Election of 1896 - William McKinley

Election of 1900 - William McKinley

Election of 1904 - Teddy Roosevelt

Grover Cleveland - his campaign speeches were met with chants of “Ma, Ma, where's my Pa?”

Eugene V Debs - head of the American Railway Union

Benjamin Harrison - 

Booker T Washington - became leader of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881

William McKinley - 

Teddy Roosevelt - assistant secretary of the Navy, he resigned to form the Rough Riders

William Jennings Bryan - Democratic contender in 1896, 1900, 1908

General Shafter - American general in charge of the Spanish-American War

Frederic Remington - illustrator sent to Cuba to cover the war

William Randolph Hearst - leading practitioner of “yellow journalism.”

George Dewey - defeated the Spanish in the Philippines

Henry Glass - person who captured Guam

Leon Czolgosz - assassinated president McKinley

Orville Wright - flew during Wright brothers’ first flight

1905-1918

Election of 1908 - William Howard Taft

Election of 1912 - Woodrow Wilson

Election of 1916 - Woodrow Wilson

William Howard Taft - the only president to become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Teddy Roosevelt - He was the candidate for the Bull Moose Party

Woodrow Wilson - President during the First World War

Upton Sinclair - Wrote “The Jungle”

Ida Tarbell - Wrote “The History of Standard Oil Company”

Jeanette Rankin - Only person to vote against both World Wars

Henry Ford - He designed the Model T.

Franz Ferdinand - Heir-apparent to the throne of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire

Gavrilo Princip - Assassin whose actions started the first World War

16th Amendment - Amendment that allows for a tax on income

17th  Amendment - Amendment that allowed the direct election of senators

1918-1936

Election of 1920 - Warren G. Harding

Election of 1924 - Calvin Coolidge

Election of 1928 - Herbert Hoover

Election of 1932 - Franklin D. Roosevelt

Election of 1936 - Franklin D. Roosevelt

18th Amendment - Amendment that ushered in Prohibition

19th Amendment - This gave women the right to vote

20th Amendment - shortened the time between election day and the beginning of presidential and congressional terms.

 21st Amendment- Amendment that repealed Prohibition

Calvin Coolidge - Became president after Harding’s death

Al Capone - Gangster known as “Scarface.”

Charles Luciano - Arrested in Hot Springs, may have assisted the Allies during WW2

Owney Madden - Owned the Cotton Club, “retired” to Hot Springs

J Edgar Hoover - Appointed the director of the Bureau of Investigations in 1924; Founded the Federal Bureau of Investigations

Melvin Pervis - He arrested more “public enemies” than any other agent

Eliot Ness - American prohibition agent, went after Al Capone

John T Scopes - tried in 1925 for teaching evolution

Amelia Earhart - First woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean

Charles Lindberg - Won the Ortieg Prize

Franklin Roosevelt - Campaigned on bold, persistent experimentation; said, “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”

Warren Harding - ran on “return to normalcy” after WWI

Herbert Hoover - ran on “Rugged individualism.”

1936-1945

Election of 1940- FDR

Election of 1944- FDR

Francis Perkins- First Female Cabinet Member and the Secretary of Labor under FDR; also the first woman in the cabinet in line for presidential succession

Hattie Caraway - first woman to be elected/reelected to the Senate (originally took the spot after her husband died but won reelection); sponsored the Serviceman’s Readjustment Act, also known as the G.I. Bill 

Benito Mussolini - Invented fascism, wanted to recreate the Roman Empire, wanted to be exiled from the war, kidnapped from prison by paratroopers, sent to northern Italy, caught trying to escape, died, and his body was hanged on a meat hook

Adolf Hitler - Austrian Painter with an unhealthy obsession with Germany, served in WWI as a corporal, became the Führer of Germany

Hedaki Tojo - Prime Minister of Japan during WW2

Isoroku Yamamoto - Head Admiral of the Japanese Navy, led the attacks on Pearl Harbor

Neville Chamberlain - Prime Minister of Britain, main proponent of Appeasement; succeeded by Winston Churchill 

James Doolittle - led a Raid to bomb Tokyo. The raid did not go as planned, but upon returning to the United States, he was promoted to Brigadier General and awarded a Medal of Honor.

Joseph Stalin - Premier of the USSR

Franklin Roosevelt - Polio-stricken, president for 4 terms 

George S Patton - “Ol’ Blood and Guts”; believed he was the reincarnation of all military heroes, a tank commander, slapped 2 PTSD ridden soldiers; stationed away from the invasion of Normandy as a part of Operation Fortitude; first commander of the First US Army Group (FUSAG)

Douglas MacArthur - born but not raised in Little Rock, Arkansas; marched against the Bonus Army; became the first father/son duo to both win medals of honor; abandoned the Battle of Corregidor and Bataan, leading to tremendous losses in the Bataan Death March

Dwight Eisenhower - Supreme Allied Commander of the war

Erwin Rommel - “Desert Fox”, head of Africa and the Atlantic Wall; got caught up in an assassination plot against Hitler in Operation Valkyrie, but was given a chance to kill himself in the woods rather than having his family executed.

Harry S Truman - Vice President of FDR, became president after FDR's death, dropped the bomb on Japan

Hirohito - Emperor of Japan

Chiang Kai-Shek - leader of Free China

Mao Zedong - leader of Communist China

Charles De Gaulle - leader of Free France

1945-1964

Election of 1944 - Franklin Roosevelt

Election of 1948 - Harry S. Truman

Election of 1952 - Eisenhower

Election of 1956 - Eisenhower

Election of 1960 - JFK

Election of 1964 - Lyndon B. Johnson

Election of 1968 - Richard Nixon

Election of 1972 - Richard Nixon

Election of 1976 - Jimmy Carter

Election of 1980 - Ronald Reagan

Joseph McCarthy - Wisconsin senator who went after communists, started the Second Red Scare

Julius Rosenberg - a communist accused of delivering atomic secrets to Russia, arrested and executed in 1953

Orville Faubus - Governor of Arkansas during the 1957 Central High Crisis. He used troops from the Arkansas National Guard to block black students from entering the high school. 

Ernest Green - He was the first African-American to graduate from Central High School in 1958. 

Thurgood Marshall - He was the first black member of the Supreme Court. 

John F Kennedy - The 35th president of the United States, and he served in WW2. 

Lyndon Johnson - The Vice President of JFK and the 36th President of the U.S. He created the Great Society policies. 

Lee Harvey Oswald - He assassinated JFK in 1963. 

Sargent Shriver - He was a relative of the Kennedy family by marriage, and created the peace corps. 

New Frontier - JFK’s political agenda during the 1960s aimed at economic reform, social progress, and space exploration.