Key point: Demonstrates that the national government can enforce laws and that people who have problems with a law should pursue change through democratic processes.
Sedition Act and the 1800 election results
The Sedition Act portrayed the Federalists as power-hungry, contributing to their loss in the election.
Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase idea
Jefferson initially wanted to purchase part of Louisiana from France to secure a western port for farmers along the Mississippi River.
Monroe Doctrine
Goal: Prevent European countries from colonizing anywhere in the Western Hemisphere.
War Hawks
Advocated declaring war in 1812, including against Canada.
Hamilton, the Elastic Clause, and the First National Bank
Hamilton used the Elastic Clause to justify Congress chartering the first national bank.
Jefferson’s 1801 presidency and political goals
Jefferson aimed to reduce the power of the federal government after taking office in 1801.
Election referred to as the Revolution of 1800.
Jay’s Treaty and neutrality (1807)
Jay’s Treaty was an unpopular move by Congress and Jefferson, associated with balancing neutrality; it did not fully address impressment.
Judicial Review
Definition: The Supreme Court has the authority to declare laws unconstitutional.
Case establishing Judicial Review
Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review.
Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain
Considered a success because the USA could use the port of New Orleans without paying Spain fees.
Unpopularity of Jay’s Treaty
Critics argued England was the aggressor due to impressment, and the treaty did not address impressment.
Post-Revolution nationalism
After the American Revolution and especially after the War of 1812, the United States developed a stronger sense of nationalism.
Henry Clay’s American System: overall goal
Aims to spur economic growth via integrated policy.
Henry Clay’s American System: criticisms
Criticism: Benefited the North/East the most.
Washington and precedents
Washington is associated with the concept of establishing national precedents.
Cotton gin and slavery in the South
The cotton gin contributed to an increase in the number of enslaved people in the South.
Lewis & Clark
Explored the Louisiana Territory and surveyed land to the Pacific Ocean.
Three parts of the American System
Second Bank of the United States (2nd BUS).
Tariff of 1816.
Federal spending to build internal improvements (roads, canals, etc.).
Some believed the national government had the power to spend money on internal improvements.
War of 1812 and American manufacturing
The war disrupted imports/exports, encouraging the growth of domestic factories.
Washington’s Farewell Address
Warns against factionalism (factions) and permanent foreign alliances.
Missouri Compromise
Proposed to balance slave and free states in the union.
Bill of Rights
Purpose: To limit the power of the federal government.
Nullification (definition)
States believed they had the right to declare federal laws unconstitutional.
Hartford Convention
Led to the death of the Federalist Party.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions and nullification
The first appearance of the term "nullification" historically appears in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions protesting the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Impressment and the War of 1812
Impressment violated freedom of the seas and helped spark the War of 1812.
Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase approval
Jefferson secured approval for the Louisiana Purchase via a treaty.
John Marshall
The Chief Justice beginning in 1801 was John Marshall.
Chesapeake–Leopard Affair
A confrontation between a British warship and an American ship that helped fuel calls for war and contributed to the Embargo Act.
XYZ Affair and the Democratic-Republicans
The XYZ Affair damaged the public standing of the Democratic-Republican Party.
Adams-Onís Treaty
This treaty allowed the United States to gain Florida.
Judiciary Act of 1789
This act allowed Congress to establish a federal court system.
Era of Good Feelings
Reasons include a surge of nationalism, one official political party, and focus on economic development via the American System.
The first two political parties and BEFATS!
The two early parties were the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists.
Democratic-Republicans formed to oppose Federalist policies.
BEFATS! (students should know what this mnemonic represents in their course materials; verify its exact meaning in your notes).