Human Anatomy and Physiology Review

Blood Flow Through the Heart

  • Oxygenated blood: Pulmonary vein → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta → Extremities.
  • Deoxygenated blood: Inferior/Superior vena cava → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs for oxygenation.

Cytoskeleton and Cell Structure

  • Cytoskeleton: Maintains cell shape, anchors organelles, assists with transport.
  • Comprised of: Microfilaments (actin), Intermediate filaments, Microtubules.
  • Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles, vacuoles, chloroplasts, cell wall, nucleolus, and their functions.

Hormones and Glands

  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Secreted by pituitary gland, regulates water balance.
  • Types of hormones and their glands:
    • Hypothalamus: Releasing/Inhibiting hormones.
    • Pituitary Gland: GH, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, PRL, ADH.
    • Thyroid: T3, T4, Calcitonin.
    • Parathyroid: PTH.
    • Adrenal: Cortisol, Aldosterone, Adrenaline.
    • Pancreas: Insulin, Glucagon.
    • Gonads: Estrogens, Progesterone, Testosterone.
    • Pineal Gland: Melatonin.

Blood Pressure

  • Blood pressure: Force of blood against artery walls.

Acid-Base Balance

  • Normal pH: 7.35 to 7.45.
  • Acidosis: Excess acid, decreased pH.
  • Alkalosis: Excess base, increased pH.

Immunity

  • Active Immunity: Body produces antibodies after infection or vaccination.
  • Passive Immunity: Receives antibodies (e.g., breastfeeding).

Types of Bones

  • Long bones, Short bones, Flat bones, Irregular bones, Sesamoid bones.

Osteoporosis

  • Bone disease due to excessive breakdown or insufficient production of bone tissue.

Kidney Function and Structure

  • Function: Filter blood, reabsorb nutrients, excrete waste.
  • Nephron filtration sequence: Renal artery → Afferent arteriole → Glomerulus → Bowman’s capsule → Proximal tubule → Loop of Henle → Distal tubule → Collecting duct → Urine.

Anatomical Planes

  • Three main planes: Sagittal (left-right), Coronal (front-back), Transverse (top-bottom).

Genetics

  • Genotype: Genetic makeup; Phenotype: Observable traits.
  • Punnett Square: Predicts genotype/phenotype of offspring.
  • Mendelian Laws: Segregation, Independent assortment, Dominance.

Cell Potency and Differentiation

  • Stem cell types: Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent.

Electrophoresis

  • Technique to separate molecules based on size and charge.

Scientific Method

  • Steps: Ask question → Research → Observe → Hypothesize → Experiment → Analyze → Conclude → Share.