unit xiv

1. Alfred T. Mahan: A naval historian and strategist, Mahan's ideas influenced the importance of sea power for nations, emphasizing the role of navies in global dominance. His work contributed to the expansion of the U.S. Navy.

2. Yellow Journalism: Sensationalized and exaggerated journalism, often associated with William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer during the late 19th century, which played a role in influencing public opinion, particularly regarding the Spanish-American War.

3. Big Stick Policy: Coined by Theodore Roosevelt, it refers to the use of military force as a means of diplomacy and negotiation. The idea was to assert American power subtly, with the threat of military intervention, to achieve diplomatic goals.

4. Dollar Diplomacy: A foreign policy approach under President William Howard Taft, emphasizing economic investment and financial influence to promote American interests abroad, particularly in Latin America and Asia.

5. Emilio Aguinaldo: A Filipino revolutionary leader who played a key role in the Philippine struggle for independence against Spanish and later American colonial rule.

6. de Lome Letter: An intercepted letter criticizing President William McKinley, which heightened anti-Spanish sentiment in the U.S. during the lead-up to the Spanish-American War.

7. Henry Cabot Lodge: A prominent U.S. senator and advocate of American imperialism, he played a significant role in the debate over the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.

8. Josiah Strong: A late 19th-century American clergyman and author who promoted the idea of Anglo-Saxon racial and cultural superiority, influencing American imperialist sentiments.

9. USS Maine: A U.S. battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898, leading to the Spanish-American War. The cause of the explosion remains unclear, but it heightened tensions and catalyzed U.S. involvement.

10. Panama Canal: A vital waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, constructed by the U.S. in the early 20th century after supporting Panama's independence from Colombia.

11. Platt Amendment: An amendment attached to the Cuban Constitution in 1901, giving the U.S. certain rights to intervene in Cuban affairs and establishing Guantanamo Bay as a U.S. naval base.

12. Monroe Doctrine: A U.S. policy articulated by President James Monroe in 1823, warning European powers against further colonization or interference in the Americas.

13. Roosevelt Corollary: An addition to the Monroe Doctrine by President Theodore Roosevelt, asserting the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin American countries to maintain stability and protect American interests.

14. Zimmerman Note: A secret diplomatic communication intercepted during World War I, revealing German attempts to form a military alliance with Mexico against the U.S.

15. Queen Liliuokalani: The last reigning monarch of Hawaii, overthrown in 1893 by a group of American planters with support from U.S. Marines.

16. Jingoism: Extreme patriotism characterized by aggressive and often warlike foreign policy sentiments.

17. William Randolph Hearst: A media magnate associated with yellow journalism, whose newspapers played a role in influencing public opinion leading up to the Spanish-American War.

18. Matthew C. Perry: A U.S. naval officer who negotiated the opening of Japan to the West in the mid-19th century, leading to increased trade and diplomatic relations.

19. Espionage Act (1917): Enacted during World War I, it aimed to prevent interference with military operations or recruitment efforts and criminalized certain anti-war activities.

20. Teller Amendment: A resolution attached to the U.S. declaration of war against Spain in 1898, disclaiming any intention of annexing Cuba and pledging to leave the island to its people after liberation.

21. Rough Riders: A volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War, known for their role in the Battle of San Juan Hill.

22. Open Door notes: U.S. policy in the early 20th century advocating equal trading opportunities for all nations in China and opposing exclusive spheres of influence.

23. Seward’s Folly: A derogatory term for the U.S. purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867, later recognized as a valuable acquisition.

24. Treaty of Paris (1898): Ended the Spanish-American War, resulting in the cession of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the U.S. and the recognition of Cuban independence.

25. Treaty of Versailles: Ended World War I, imposing harsh terms on Germany and creating the League of Nations.

26. Fourteen Points: President Woodrow Wilson's post-World War I plan for peace, emphasizing self-determination and the creation of the League of Nations.

27. RMS Lusitania: A British passenger ship sunk by a German submarine in 1915, contributing to U.S. public opinion turning against Germany in World War I.

28. Self Determination: The principle that nations have the right to choose their own political status, free from external interference.

29. League of Nations: An international organization established after World War I to promote peace and cooperation among nations, but the U.S. did not join.

30. Selective Service Act: Enacted in 1917, it authorized the U.S. government to raise a national army for service in World War I through conscription.

31. Liberty Bonds: Government-issued bonds sold to finance U.S. military efforts during World War I.

32. War Industries Board: A U.S. government agency during World War I, coordinating industrial production for the war effort.

33. Great Migration: The movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban centers in the North during the early 20th century.

34. Sedition Act (1918): Criminalized speech that was deemed disloyal, profane, or abusive about the U.S. government, its flag, or its military during World War I.

35. Schenck v U.S.: A Supreme Court case (1919) that upheld limitations on free speech during wartime, establishing the "clear and present danger" test.