Intelligence
Cattell and Horn:
Intelligence is a mix of crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence (Fluid Intelligence ‘flows’ into crystallized intelligence.)
Crystalized intelligence
Using prior knowledge
Fluid intelligence
Capability of learning new things
Spearman created
Specialized and general intelligence
General intelligence (g- factor)
hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people
Specific intelligence (s-factor)
(specific abilities) particular ability level in a narrow domain
Simone & Binet
Created the first intelligence test
intelligence test
diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability
intelligence quotient
(IQ) systematic means of quantifying differences among people in their intelligence
Items
Different questions asked during an IQ test
abstract thinking
capacity to understand hypothetical concepts
multiple intelligences
idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill
Wilhelm Stern
Created the formula for Intelligence quotient (IQ)
IQ Formula
Mental age/chonilogical age X 100
deviation IQ
expression of a person’s IQ relative to their same-aged peers
Eugenics
Means ‘Good genes’ (a movement to improve the ‘genetic stock’ by having ‘smart people’ breed creating intelligent offspring)
WAIS
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Most popular adult IQ test)
DIfferent WAIS Items
Information — General info
Comprehension — understanding of social conventions and evaluate past experiences
Arithmetic — Mathematical reasoning through word problems
Similarities — How things are similar and different
Digit span — repeat the following numbers backwards (Memory)
Vocabulary — Define words
Digit symbol — Speed of learning through timed coding tasks
Picture completion — visual alertness and memory (Whats missing?)
Block design — Perceive and analyze patterns (assemble the following pattern)
Visual puzzles — Organize parts of a figure (which parts are used to create this pattern
Figurative weights — Reason logically with numbers (Which of these will balance the scale?)
WISC/WPPSI
Wechsler Intelligence scale for children/ Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence
culture-fair IQ tests
abstract reasoning measure that doesn’t depend on language and is often believed to be less influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests
Intellectual disability
Consists of 3 criteria
(a) onset prior to adulthood,
(b) IQ below approximately 70
(c) inadequate adaptive functioning, as assessed by difficulties with dressing and feeding oneself, communicating with others, and other basic life skills
Misconceptions regarding people with higher IQ That Termans “Termites” helped discover
The claim that child prodigies burnout
Pointed to lower rates of mental illness and suicide then the regular population
Lewis Terman “Termites”
Geniuses watched over decades
Sir Francis galton coined what phrase
Nature and nurture
Emotional Intelligence
the ability to understand our emotions and those of others, and to apply this information to our everyday lives
autistic savants
People with an exceptionally profound talent (Gardner argues that this supports Multiple intelligences theory)
Linguistic (Gardners multiple intelligences)
Speak and write well
Logico-mathematical (Gardners multiple intelligences)
Use logic and mathematical skills to solve problems, such as scientific questions
Spatial (Gardners multiple intelligences)
Think and reason about objects in three-dimensional space
Musical (Gardners multiple intelligences)
Perform, understand, and enjoy music
Bodily-kinesthetic (Gardners multiple intelligences)
Manipulate the body in sports, dance, or other physical endeavors
Interpersonal (Gardners multiple intelligences)
Understand and interact effectively with others
Intrapersonal (Gardners multiple intelligences)
Understand and possess insight into self
Naturalistic (Gardners multiple intelligences)
Recognize, identify, and understand animals, plants, and other living things
Robert Sternberg
Triarchic model
Triarchic model
Analytical(book smarts)
Practical (Street smarts)
Creative (Creativity)
Self reports IQ have a low correlation with IQ
Double curse of incompetence
The tendency for stupid people to think they are smarter then they are
Metacognitive skill
How much someone knows that they know (Knowledge of our own knowledge)
Deviation IQ
How much someone deviates from they particular age group (The standard deviation is 15) 115 100 85
Best culture fair IQ test
Raven’s Progressive Matrices
130 IQ is gifted (2 standard deviations)
70 IQ is retarded (2 standard deviations)
Levels of disiabiity
4 levels: mild, moderate, severe, profound
The more severe the intellectual disability, the less likely it
is to run in families
IQ Runs in the famly
Identical twins had a higher correlation than fraternal
Twin design (Family study)
Identical twins compared to fraternal
Adoption design (Family study)
Biological parents compared to adopted parents
Twins reared apart (Family study)
Identical twins in separate households
H coefficient
Heritability
Jensen
Cumulative deficit hypothesis
Cumulative deficit hypothesis
Older siblings in impoverished neighborhoods (the hood) were stupider then their younger siblings (more intellectual deprivation as they get older)
Flynn Effect
James flynn discovered that we are smarter then the past generations (almost a full deviation smarter then grandparents)
Racial differences in IQ
Largely due to environmental factors
Genotype
Passed on through your genes
Phenotypes
Observable traits gained through enviorment
Reaction Range
The amount that your genes limit the change in certain traits ( Eye colour has Limited Reaction range as it cannot change very much)