chapter 10

hybridization is the mixing of native orbitals to form special orbitals for bonding

• in the end, the sp orbitals (# = effective bonds) are used for bonding or lone pairs, and the resulting p orbitals are used for pi bonds)

• hybridization occurs per atom in the molecule

  • so in CO2, the c gets hybridized, and the oxygens as well

    • IN THE SAME MOLECULE, THE ATOMS CAN HAVE DIFFERENT HYBRIDIZATIONS. IN CO2, C HAS SP AND O HAS SP3

• hybridization is in the valence shell

sp hybrid orbitals (2 effective bonds)

• AX2

sp2 hybrid orbitals (3 effective bonds)

• AX3

sp3 hybrid orbitals (4 effective bonds)

• AX4

• so u take one from s and three from p

sp3d u take one s 3 p 1 d

sigma bond → single, in a central electron sharing line

pi bond → in double and triple bonds, in parallel p orbitals sharing an e- pair occupying the spaces above and below the central line