Kinesiology Lecture Notes

Definition of Kinesiology: The study of movement, encompassing numerous factors including anatomy, physiology, and biomechanics.

Movement: The primary focus is on the study of body movement.
Muscles: Key contributors to movement.
Forces: Fundamental concepts derived from physics that impact movement.
Anatomy and Physiology (A&P): A prerequisite for the course, providing foundational knowledge about skeleton, muscles, and nerves.

Biomechanics: Examines the mechanics of body movement using:
- Kinetics: Study of forces involved.
- Kinematics: Study of motion without considering forces.

Osteokinematics: Movement of bones in space.
Arthrokinematics: Movement between joint surfaces during motion.
Mechanical Concepts:
- Rotation vs. Torque: Understand definitions and applications.
- Slide vs. Glide: Important distinctions in joint movements.
- Influence of Bone Shape: How geometry of bones affects movement.

Anatomical Position: Standard reference point for describing motion.
- Differences from Fundamental Position:
- Fundamental Position: Feet together, arms relaxed, eyes forward, palms facing outside.
- Anatomical Position: Arms externally rotated, forearms supinated, palms facing anteriorly.

Medial and Lateral: Relationship to midline.
Cranial and Caudal: Relationship to head and tailbone.
Proximal and Distal: Relationship closer or further from trunk.
Superior and Inferior: Analogous to cranial and caudal; superior is above, inferior is below.
Superficial and Deep: Superficial is closer to the skin, deep is closer to the body center.
Ventral and Dorsal: Similar to anterior and posterior; remember dorsal fins of marine animals.
Palmar and Plantar: Palmar surface of the hand and plantar surface of the foot.

Ensure clarity when describing relationships (e.g., distal to the knee, proximal to the ankle) and avoid ambiguity in motion descriptions.
Bilateral: Both sides of the body.
Contralateral: Opposite sides.
Ipsilateral: Same side.

Open vs Closed Kinetic Chain:
- Open Kinetic Chain: Distal segment moves while proximal remains stable (e.g., elbow flexion).
- Closed Kinetic Chain: Distal segment is stationary, proximal segment moves (e.g., wall push-ups).

Plane of Motion: Imaginary sheets dividing body (e.g., sagittal, frontal, transverse).
- Sagittal Plane: Divides left and right; movements include flexion and extension.
- Frontal Plane: Divides anterior and posterior; AB and AD ductions occur here.
- Transverse Plane: Involves superior and inferior; rotations occur in this plane with axes defined.

Rotatory movements: Angular motion around a fixed axis.
Translatory movement: Movement from one location to another (e.g., skiing down a hill).

Describes how far joints can move, typically measured in degrees (e.g., 160 to 170 degrees for knee flexion).
ROM is a function of joint design and is considered as rotatory motion.

One Degree of Freedom: Joint moves in one plane (e.g., knee).
Two Degrees of Freedom: Moves in two planes (e.g., wrist).
Three Degrees of Freedom (Triaxial): Moves in three planes (e.g., shoulder).

Flexion: Movement of one bone toward another.
Extension: Movement away from each other; majority of joints return to anatomical position.
Hyperextension: Positioning beyond anatomical position (not a movement).
Abduction: Moving away from the midline; happens primarily at shoulder and hip.
Adduction: Movement toward the midline; the act of adding back to the body.
Horizontal Abduction/Adduction: Occurs at the shoulder after 90 degrees of flexion on the transverse plane.
Internal/External Rotation: Rotation of the limb around its long axis; direction depending on movement of anterior surface of the bone.
Pronation/Supination: Movements unique to the forearm; not applicable to the wrist.
- Supination: Holding soup (palms up).
- Pronation: Pouring soup (palms down).
Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion: Movements at the ankle (pointing foot vs. bringing towards shin).
Inversion/Eversion: Movements at the ankle concerning the heel; inversion moves towards the midline, eversion moves away.
Protraction/Retration: Transverse plane movements concerning the head or jaw; forward (protraction) or backward (retraction) movements.
Elevation/Depression: Movement vertically (e.g., shoulder or mandible elevation/depression).

Familiarity with anatomical positioning, directional terminology, planes of motion, specific movements, and understanding the skeletal system's role in movement.
Practical applications of terminologies and concepts necessary for effective communication in kinesiology.