Ch-1 Historical Background

Toh yeh jo paragraph hai, isme bataya gaya hai ki British ka India mein aana kaise shuru hua. 1600 mein British traders East India Company ke roop mein India aaye the, jinko Queen Elizabeth I ne ek special charter diya tha, jiske through unko India mein trade karne ka adhikar mil gaya tha.

Phir, 1765 mein, jab East India Company ne Bengal, Bihar, aur Orissa ka ‘diwani’ (revenue aur civil justice ka control) le liya, tab Company ka role sirf trade se badhkar ek territorial power ban gaya. Iske baad 1858 mein, Sepoy Mutiny (1857) ke baad, British Crown ne India ka seedha control apne haath mein le liya, aur tab se India ka governance direct unke under aagaya.

India ko 15 August 1947 ko independence milne ke baad, ek Constitution ki zarurat thi, isliye 1946 mein Constituent Assembly ka formation kiya gaya, aur 26 January 1950 ko Constitution ko implement kiya gaya. Lekin, jo kuch bhi humare Constitution mein hai, uske kai features British rule se influence hue hain. British rule ke dauran kuch aise events hue, jo government aur administration ki organisation ko set karne ka kaam karte hain, aur unka asar ab tak humare Constitution aur polity par hai.

Ab, yeh explain kiya ja raha hai do major headings ke through:

1. Company Rule (1773-1858)

2. Crown Rule (1858-1947)

Special charter:"Special charter" ka matlab hai ek aisa official document ya legal permission, jo kisi specific group ya company ko kuch special rights ya powers deta hai. Is case mein, Queen Elizabeth I ne East India Company ko ek special charter diya tha, jisme unhe India mein trade karne ka exclusive adhikar diya gaya tha. Matlab, unko dusre traders ke muqabale mein India mein trade karne ka khas hak mil gaya tha, jo kisi aur ko nahi tha.

THE COMPANY RULE (1773–1858)

Is paragraph mein Regulating Act of 1773 ke baare mein bataya gaya hai. Yeh act British government ne East India Company ko control karne aur regulate karne ke liye banaya tha. Iska kaafi constitutional importance tha, kyunki:

1. Yeh pehli baar tha jab British government ne East India Company ke political aur administrative functions ko recognize kiya.

2. Is act ne India mein central administration (ek central government) ki foundation rakh di thi.

Ab, is act ke kuch main features ye the:

1. Governor of Bengal ko ‘Governor-General of Bengal’ bana diya gaya aur unhe madad dene ke liye ek Executive Council bana di gayi, jisme 4 members the. Pehla Governor-General Lord Warren Hastings tha.

2. Bombay aur Madras presidencies ke governors ko Governor-General of Bengal ke under subordinate bana diya gaya, pehle yeh presidencies ek doosre se independent thi.

3. Calcutta mein Supreme Court (1774) ka establishment kiya gaya, jisme ek Chief Justice aur 3 aur judges the.

4. East India Company ke servants ko private trade karne ya ‘natives’ se presents ya bribes lene se roka gaya.

5. British government ka control aur strong bana diya gaya by making it mandatory for the Court of Directors (Company ka governing body) to report on its revenue, civil, aur military affairs in India.

Yeh act British government ke control ko India mein kaafi mazboot bana raha tha.

Amending Act of 1781 ka purpose tha Regulating Act of 1773 ki kamiya ko sudharna. Is act ko Act of Settlement bhi kaha jata hai. Is act ke kuch important features yeh the:

1. Governor-General aur unke Council ko Supreme Court ke jurisdiction se exempt kar diya gaya unke official kaam ke liye. Matlab, jo kaam Governor-General aur unke Council members apni official position mein karte the, unko Supreme Court ke rules se bachaya gaya tha. Waise hi, Company ke servants ko bhi unke official actions ke liye Supreme Court ke jurisdiction se exempt kiya gaya.

2. Revenue matters ko Supreme Court ke jurisdiction se alag kar diya gaya. Matlab, jo revenue se related kaam the, unko Supreme Court ke under nahi laya gaya.

3. Supreme Court ko Calcutta ke sabhi inhabitants ke upar jurisdiction dene ka faisla kiya gaya. Iska matlab tha ki Calcutta ke logon par Supreme Court ka control tha. Aur, court ko defendants ke personal law ko apply karna tha, jisme Hindus ko Hindu law ke according trial diya jata aur Muslims ko Mohammedan law ke according trial diya jata.

4. Provincial Courts se appeals Governor-General-in-Council ke paas ja sakti thi, na ki directly Supreme Court ke paas.

5. Governor-General-in-Council ko yeh power di gayi thi ki woh Provincial Courts aur Councils ke liye regulations banaye.

Yeh sab changes Regulating Act ke flaws ko thik karne ke liye kiye gaye the.

Pitt’s India Act of 1784 ek aur important act tha, jo East India Company ke operations ko regulate karne ke liye pass kiya gaya. Iske kuch important features yeh the:

1. Is act ne Company ke commercial aur political functions ko alag kar diya. Matlab, ab Company ko apne business (commercial) aur political decisions (government related) ke kaam alag karne padte the.

2. Court of Directors ko commercial affairs manage karne ki permission di gayi, lekin political affairs ko manage karne ke liye ek naya body, ‘Board of Control’, banaya gaya. Is tarah, ek double government ka system establish hua, jisme ek taraf Company apne trade ke affairs dekhti thi, aur doosri taraf British government ke control mein political affairs chal rahe the.

3. Board of Control ko yeh power di gayi ki woh British possessions in India ke civil, military government aur revenue operations ko supervise kare. Iska matlab tha ki Board of Control ko poora control diya gaya British territories ki administration aur government operations par.

Yeh act kaafi significant tha kyunki:

Pehli baar Company ke territories ko ‘British possessions in India’ bola gaya.

Doosra, British Government ko Company ke affairs aur uski administration par supreme control mil gaya.

Is act ne Company aur British Government ke beech ka power structure set kiya.

Act of 1786 mein Lord Cornwallis ko Governor-General of Bengal banaya gaya. Unhone yeh post accept karne se pehle do demands rakhi thi:

1. Unhe apne council ke decisions ko special cases mein override karne ka power chahiye tha. Matlab, agar unko lagta ki council ka decision sahi nahi hai, toh woh us decision ko badal sakte the.

2. Unhe Commander-in-Chief bhi banaya jaye. Iska matlab tha ki unko military operations aur army ka pura control milega.

Toh, Act of 1786 ko enact kiya gaya taaki yeh dono provisions ko officially accept kiya ja sake, aur Lord Cornwallis ko unki demands ke mutabik power mil sake.

Charter Act of 1793 ke features yeh the:

1. Is act ne Lord Cornwallis ko jo overriding power di gayi thi apne council par, woh power ab saare future Governor-Generals aur Governors of Presidencies ko bhi mil gayi. Matlab, har future Governor-General ko apni council ke decisions ko special cases mein badalne ka adhikar mil gaya.

2. Governor-General ko zyada powers aur control diya gaya jo Bombay aur Madras presidencies ke governments par tha. Iska matlab, Governor-General ka influence aur control in presidencies par badh gaya.

3. Company ka trade monopoly India mein 20 aur saal ke liye extend kar diya gaya. Matlab, East India Company ko India mein trade karne ka exclusive adhikar aur 20 saal ke liye diya gaya.

4. Commander-in-Chief ko Governor-General ke council ka member nahi banana tha, jab tak unhe specifically appoint na kiya jaye.

5. Board of Control ke members aur unke staff ko ab Indian revenues se salary di jaani thi. Matlab, in logon ke salaries ka source ab India ke revenue se tha, na ki Britain se.

Yeh act British Government ke control ko aur zyada mazboot kar raha tha.

Charter Act of 1813 ke features yeh the:

1. Is act ne Company ka trade monopoly India mein abolish kar diya. Matlab, Indian trade ab saare British merchants ke liye khula tha. Lekin, Company ka monopoly tea trade aur trade with China par ab bhi bana raha.

2. Is act ne British Crown ki sovereignty ko assert kiya. Matlab, British Crown ko Company ke territories in India par poora control diya gaya.

3. Christian missionaries ko India aane ki ijazat di gayi taaki woh logon ko enlighten kar sakein. Iska matlab tha ki ab Christianity ka prachar India mein allowed tha.

4. Western education ko British territories ke logon ke beech spread karne ka provision diya gaya. Yeh ek important step tha jisse modern education ko promote kiya gaya.

5. Local Governments ko India mein tax lagane ka adhikar diya gaya. Agar koi insaan tax nahi pay karta tha, toh unhe punishment bhi di ja sakti thi.

Is act se British control ko aur mazboot kiya gaya aur Indian society mein changes laye gaye.

Monopoly:Monopoly ka matlab hota hai jab kisi ek company ya entity ko kisi cheez ka exclusive control ya rights milte hain. Iska matlab hai ki woh company ya entity hi us cheez ka production, sale ya trade kar sakti hai, aur doosre log ya companies ko usme enter karne ka haq nahi hota.

For example, Charter Act of 1813 mein East India Company ko tea aur trade with China ka monopoly diya gaya tha, iska matlab tha ki Company ko hi in cheezon ka trade karne ka haq tha, aur doosre British merchants ko in areas mein trade karne ki ijazat nahi thi.

Charter Act of 1833 ka main maksad British India mein centralisation ko aur zyada strong banana tha. Iske features yeh the:

1. Is act ne Governor-General of Bengal ko Governor-General of India bana diya. Ab Governor-General ko poore India ke civil aur military powers mil gaye. Isse pehli baar ek aisi government ban gayi jo poore British India ke territories ko control karti thi. Lord William Bentick ko pehla Governor-General of India banaya gaya.

2. Is act ne Bombay aur Madras ke Governors ko unke legislative powers se deprive kar diya. Ab Governor-General of India ko poore British India ke liye exclusive legislative powers mil gaye. Pehle jo laws banaye jaate the, unhe Regulations kaha jaata tha, lekin is act ke baad jo laws banaye gaye, unhe Acts kaha gaya.

3. Is act ne East India Company ko ek commercial body ke roop mein kaam karna band kar diya, aur woh sirf ek administrative body ban gayi. Yeh bhi kaha gaya ki Company ki territories ko woh 'in trust for His Majesty, His heirs and successors' ke liye hold karti thi, matlab Company sirf ek trustee thi.

4. Charter Act of 1833 ne civil servants ke selection ke liye open competition system introduce karne ki koshish ki thi, aur yeh kaha gaya ki Indians ko Company mein koi bhi office ya position hold karne se roka nahi jaana chahiye. Lekin, is provision ko Court of Directors ke opposition ke baad khatam kar diya gaya.

Toh, Charter Act of 1833 ne centralised control ko aur mazboot kiya aur East India Company ko ek purely administrative body banaya.

Doubt:

Legislative power ka matlab hai laws banane ki authority. Jo bhi government ya body ko legislative power milti hai, woh naye laws banane, existing laws ko amend (badal) karne aur unhe enforce karne ka kaam karti hai.

Deprive ka matlab hai kisi cheez ko cheen lena ya kisi se kisi hak ya power ko hata dena. Agar kisi ko deprive kiya jata hai, toh usse woh cheez ya power chheen li jati hai.

Toh, "deprived the Governor of Bombay and Madras of their legislative powers" ka matlab hai ki Bombay aur Madras ke Governors ko unke laws banane ke adhikar (legislative powers) se hata diya gaya tha.

Doubt:

His heirs ka matlab hai uski aane wali nasl ya vanshaj. Yeh un logon ko refer karta hai jo kisi vyakti ke baad uske legal successors (jaise ki bacche, grandchildren, ya koi aur family member) hote hain.

Trustee ka matlab hai ek aisa vyakti ya entity jo kisi doosre vyakti ya group ke liye kisi cheez ka dhyan rakhta hai. Jab kisi ko trustee bana diya jaata hai, toh usse yeh zimmedari milti hai ki woh kisi vastu, property, ya assets ka safaltapoorvak aur legal tareeke se rakh-rakhav kare, jo uske paas trust mein diye gaye hain.

Toh, "in trust for His Majesty, His heirs and successors" ka matlab hai ki East India Company ne apne territories ko His Majesty (King) aur uske aane wali naslon ke liye trust ke roop mein rakha tha. Company un territories ko dharohar ki tarah sambhal rahi thi, jo baad mein King aur uske heirs ke paas jayengi.

Charter Act of 1853 British Parliament ne jo last Charter Act pass kiya tha, usme kuch important changes aaye jo constitutional history mein significant the.

Yeh Act ke kuch important features yeh the:

1. Legislative aur executive functions ko alag kiya gaya: Is Act ke zariye pehli baar Governor-General’s council ke legislative aur executive kaam ko alag kiya gaya. 6 naye legislative councillors ko add kiya gaya council mein. Iska matlab yeh hua ki Indian (Central) Legislative Council bana, jo mini-Parliament ki tarah kaam karta tha aur British Parliament ke procedures ko follow karta tha. Isse pehli baar legislation (laws banana) ko ek special function banaya gaya, jiske liye alag machinery aur process ki zarurat thi.

2. Civil servants ki selection mein open competition introduce kiya gaya: Macaulay Committee ko appoint kiya gaya tha, jo Indian Civil Service ki selection process ko dekhne ke liye thi. Is Act ke baad Indians ko bhi civil service mein bharati kiya jaa sakta tha.

3. Company ka rule extend kiya gaya: Yeh Act Company ko Indian territories ko British Crown ke liye trust mein rakhnay ka right deta hai, lekin isme koi fixed period nahi diya gaya. Iska matlab yeh tha ki Company ka rule kabhi bhi Parliament ke decision se terminate ho sakta tha.

4. Local representation introduce kiya gaya: Indian (Central) Legislative Council mein local (provincial) governments se representation diya gaya. Madras, Bombay, Bengal, aur Agra se 4 new members ko appoint kiya gaya, jo local governments ko represent karte the.

Yeh act ne kaafi changes introduce kiye jo Indian governance ko behtar banane ki taraf ek kadam tha.

Doubt:

Governor ka matlab hai ek aise vyakti jo kisi rajya ya kshetra ka prabandhan aur niyantran karta hai. Bharat mein, Governor ek rajya ka head hota hai, jo President ke dwara appoint kiya jata hai. Governor ko rajya mein sabhi administrative functions ko dekhnay ka zimma hota hai, aur wo state government ki activities ko supervise karta hai.

Governor-General ka matlab hai wo vyakti jo British India ka head hota tha, jise British Crown ke dwara appoint kiya jata tha, aur wo puri British India ki administrative aur military power ko control karta tha.

Doubt:

Governor aur Chief Minister (CM) dono ki apni-apni responsibilities aur powers hote hain, lekin Governor ka position upar hota hai.

Governor: Governor ko President ke dwara appoint kiya jata hai, aur unka role symbolic aur constitutional hota hai. Governor ka kaam state ki constitutional functions ko ensure karna hota hai, jaise ki state legislature ko bulaana, bills ko sign karna, aur state government ki activities ko monitor karna. Governor ki authority state mein sabse upar hoti hai, lekin unka role executive decisions mein directly involve nahi hota.

Chief Minister (CM): CM ko elected kiya jata hai, aur unka kaam state government ko chalana hota hai. CM, Cabinet ke head ke roop mein, sabhi important decisions leta hai aur state ke executive functions ko manage karta hai.

Toh, Governor ka position constitutional head hota hai, jo state ke administrative functions ko supervise karta hai, jabki Chief Minister real power ke saath state government ko chalata hai. Governor ki authority zyada symbolic aur ceremonial hoti hai, jabki CM ki actual executive power hoti hai.

Doubt:

Central Minister aur Chief Minister (CM) ke beech mein kuch important farq hain:

1. Central Minister:

Central Minister ko Prime Minister ke dwara appoint kiya jata hai aur wo Union Government (Central Government) ka hissa hote hain.

Ye central level par kaam karte hain aur desh ke vibhinn ministry (jaise Finance, Defence, Home Affairs, etc.) ko chalate hain.

Central Ministers ki zyada authority national level par hoti hai, aur wo bharatiya rajneeti aur national policies ko banane aur implement karne mein bhag lete hain.

Cabinet Ministers aur Ministers of State central government ke parts hote hain.

2. Chief Minister (CM):

Chief Minister ko state legislature ke dwara elect kiya jata hai, aur wo ek state government ka head hota hai.

CM state level par kaam karta hai aur apne rajya (jaise Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, etc.) ki administration aur policies ko manage karta hai.

CM state ke executive head hote hain, aur wo apne state ke developmental projects, law and order, aur education jaise issues ko handle karte hain.

Summary:

Central Ministers Union Government (Central Government) ka hissa hote hain aur national level ki policies aur decisions mein involved hote hain.

Chief Minister ek state government ka head hota hai aur state level par decisions leta hai.

Central Ministers ka kaam desh bhar ke issues par hota hai, jabki Chief Minister ka kaam state ke issues par hota hai.

THE CROWN RULE (1858–1947)

Government of India Act of 1858 kaafi important tha, kyunki ye 1857 ke Sepoy Mutiny (First War of Independence) ke baad pass kiya gaya tha. Is Act ne East India Company ko khatam kar diya aur uske sare powers British Crown ke paas transfer kar diye.

Is Act ke features kuch is tarah the:

1. India ko ab British Queen ke naam pe govern kiya jayega. Isliye Governor-General ka title badal kar Viceroy of India kar diya gaya. Viceroy ab British Crown ka direct representative hoga India mein. Pehle Lord Canning ko Viceroy banaya gaya tha.

2. Double Government system ko khatam kiya gaya. Board of Control aur Court of Directors ko abolish kiya gaya.

3. Secretary of State for India ka ek naya office banaya gaya. Isse India ke administration par puri tarah control aur authority thi. Ye Secretary of State British Cabinet ka member bhi hota tha aur British Parliament ke liye responsible hota tha.

4. 15-member council banayi gayi thi jo Secretary of State for India ko assist karegi. Yeh council ek advisory body thi aur Secretary of State ko uska Chairman banaya gaya.

5. Secretary of State-in-Council ko ek body corporate banaya gaya tha, jo ki India aur England dono jagah sue ya sued ho sakti thi.

Conclusion:

1858 ka Act zyada tar administrative machinery ko improve karne ke liye tha, taaki British Government India ko better tarike se control kar sake. Lekin, is Act ne India ke existing government system mein koi major changes nahi kiye.

Doubt:

Sue ka matlab hai kanuni karwai karna ya court mein case daalna. Agar koi vyakti ya sanstha apne haq ke liye kanoon ke tahat action leta hai, toh usay "sue karna" kaha jata hai. Jaise agar kisi ne kisi ka haq mara hai, toh wo vyakti uske khilaf court mein case daal sakta hai, jo uski legal action hoti hai.

Indian Councils Act of 1861 kaafi important tha, aur yeh act British government ne 1857 ke revolt ke baad banaya tha, taaki Indians ko apne desh ke administration mein shamil kiya ja sake. Is act ke kuch important features ye hain:

1. Indian ko shamil karna: Is act ke through, Indians ko law-making process mein shamil kiya gaya. Viceroy ko apne council mein kuch Indians ko non-official members ke roop mein nominate karne ka adhikar diya gaya. 1862 mein, Lord Canning ne teen Indian ko apne legislative council mein shamil kiya – Raja of Benaras, Maharaja of Patiala, aur Sir Dinkar Rao.

2. Decentralisation ka shuruat: Is act ne Bombay aur Madras presidencies ko apne legislative powers wapas diye, jo pehle centralised the. Isse legislative powers provinces ko diye gaye, aur yeh decentralisation ka process tha. Yeh system 1937 tak almost poore provinces ko internal autonomy de gaya.

3. Naye legislative councils ka gathan: Is act ke tehat Bengal, North-Western Provinces aur Punjab ke liye naye legislative councils banaye gaye. Bengal ka council 1862 mein, North-Western Provinces ka 1886 mein, aur Punjab ka 1897 mein bana.

4. Portfolio system ka shuruat: Lord Canning ne 1859 mein portfolio system introduce kiya tha, jisme Viceroy ke council ke members ko ek ya zyada government departments ka in-charge banaya gaya tha. In members ko apne department ke decisions par final orders dene ka adhikar diya gaya.

5. Viceroy ko ordinances ka adhikar: Agar emergency hoti thi, toh Viceroy ko council ke approval ke bina ordinances (temporary laws) banane ka adhikar diya gaya tha. Yeh ordinances 6 mahine tak valid rehte the.

Yeh act India mein pehli baar Indians ko governance mein shamil karne ki koshish thi.

Doubt:

Portfolio ka matlab hai kisi vyakti ko kisi specific department ya kaam ka in-charge banana. Jab kisi vyakti ko "portfolio" diya jata hai, toh usse ek particular area ya field ka responsibility di jati hai, jisme wo vyakti us department ya kaam se jude decisions leta hai.

Jaise, agar ek minister ko finance portfolio diya gaya hai, toh wo minister finance department ka in-charge hoga aur us department se jude decisions lega.

Indian Councils Act of 1892 ke features kuch is tarah the:

1. Is Act ne Central aur Provincial Legislative Councils mein additional (non-official) members ka number badhaya, lekin official members ka majority abhi bhi bana raha.

2. Is Act ne legislative councils ke kaam ko badhaya, aur unhe budget discuss karne aur executive se sawal poochne ka adhikar diya.

3. Is Act ne yeh bhi provision kiya ki Central Legislative Council ke kuch non-official members ko Viceroy nominate karein, jo provincial legislative councils aur Bengal Chamber of Commerce ke recommendations par honge. Provincial legislative councils ke members ko bhi Governors nominate karenge, jo district boards, municipalities, universities, trade associations, zamindars, aur chambers ke recommendations par honge.

Is Act ne kuch had tak election ka bhi provision kiya, lekin word "election" ka istemal nahi kiya gaya tha. Yeh process nomination ke roop mein kiya gaya tha, jo kuch specific bodies ke recommendations par hota tha.

Indian Councils Act of 1909, jise Morley-Minto Reforms bhi kaha jata hai (kyunki Lord Morley, jo us waqt Secretary of State for India the, aur Lord Minto, jo Viceroy the, ne is Act ko pass kiya), ke features kuch is tarah the:

1. Is Act ne Central aur Provincial Legislative Councils ka size kaafi badhaya. Central Legislative Council ke members ka number 16 se badhakar 60 ho gaya. Provincial Legislative Councils mein members ka number har jagah alag tha.

2. Central Legislative Council mein official majority ab bhi rahi, lekin Provincial Legislative Councils mein non-official majority ki ijazat di gayi.

3. Legislative councils ke kaam ko aur badhaya gaya. Ab members ko supplementary questions poochne, budget par resolutions move karne jaise kaam karne ki ijazat thi.

4. Yeh Act pehli baar Indians ko Viceroy aur Governors ke executive councils mein shamil karne ki ijazat deta hai. Satyendra Prasad Sinha ko Viceroy ke Executive Council mein shamil kiya gaya, aur unhe Law Member banaaya gaya.

5. Is Act ne Muslimon ke liye alag electorate ka system introduce kiya, jise separate electorate kaha gaya. Iske tehat, Muslim members ko sirf Muslim voters ke dwara chuna jayega. Is Act ne communalism ko legalize kiya, aur Lord Minto ko Father of Communal Electorate ka naam diya gaya.

6. Is Act ne separate representation ka provision diya, jo presidency corporations, chambers of commerce, universities aur zamindars ke liye tha.

Government of India Act of 1919, jise Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms bhi kaha jata hai (kyunki Montagu Secretary of State for India the aur Lord Chelmsford Viceroy the), ke features kuch is tarah the:

1. Central control ko kam kiya gaya aur central aur provincial subjects ko alag alag define kiya gaya. Central aur provincial legislatures ko apne apne subjects par laws banane ki ijazat di gayi. Lekin, government ka structure centralized aur unitary hi raha.

2. Provincial subjects ko do hisso mein baant diya gaya – transferred aur reserved. Transferred subjects ko Governor ke dwara administer kiya jana tha, jisme ministers legislative council ke liye responsible hote. Reserved subjects ko Governor aur unke executive council ke dwara administer kiya jana tha, aur yeh legislative council ke liye responsible nahi the. Is system ko dyarchy kaha gaya (Greek word "di-arche" se, jo double rule ka matlab hai). Yeh system zyada successful nahi raha.

3. Bicameral legislature aur direct elections ko introduce kiya gaya. Ab Indian Legislative Council ko ek Upper House (Council of State) aur Lower House (Legislative Assembly) mein badal diya gaya. Dono Houses ke jyadatar members direct election ke zariye chune gaye.

4. Viceroy ke executive council mein se 3 members (Commander-in-Chief ke alawa) ko Indian hona zaroori tha.

5. Communal representation ko extend kiya gaya, jisme separate electorates Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, aur Europeans ke liye rakhe gaye.

6. Limited franchise diya gaya, jo property, tax, ya education ke basis par tha.

7. Is Act ne High Commissioner for India ka ek naya office banaya, jo London mein kaam karega aur kuch functions, jo pehle Secretary of State for India perform karte the, unhe transfer kiya gaya.

8. Public Service Commission ka bhi establishment kiya gaya, aur 1926 mein Central Public Service Commission banaya gaya, jo civil servants ki recruitment karega.

9. Is Act ne provincial budgets ko alag kiya aur provincial legislatures ko apna budget banane ki ijazat di.

10. Ek statutory commission ki appointment ki gayi jo Act ke kaam ko 10 saal baad evaluate karega aur report karega.

Simon Commission (1927) ke baare mein:

1. Formation of Commission:

British Government ne November 1927 mein ek 7-member statutory commission banayi, jo Sir John Simon ke chairmanship mein thi. Iska kaam tha India ke naye Constitution ke under India ki condition par report dena.

2. Indian Boycott:

Is commission ke sabhi members British the, is wajah se Indian political parties ne is commission ka boycott kiya.

3. Report and Recommendations (1930):

Commission ne apni report 1930 mein submit ki aur kuch recommendations di:

  • Dyarchy ko abolish (khatm) karna.

  • Provinces mein responsible Government ko extend karna.

  • Federation ka establishment karna (British India aur princely states ka).

  • Communal electorate ko continue karna.

4. Round Table Conferences:

British Government ne Simon Commission ki proposals ko discuss karne ke liye teen Round Table Conferences organize ki, jisme British Government, British India, aur princely states ke representatives ne participate kiya.

5. White Paper and Government of India Act, 1935:

In discussions ke basis par ek ‘White Paper on Constitutional Reforms’ banayi gayi aur British Parliament ke Joint Select Committee ko submit ki gayi. Committee ki recommendations ko Government of India Act, 1935 mein include kiya gaya

(kuch changes ke saath).

Doubt:

7-member statutory commission ka matlab hai ek aisi committee ya commission jo British Government ne banayi thi aur isme 7 members shamil the.

Statutory Commission:

Iska matlab hai ek aisi commission jo kanuni adhaar (legal basis) par banayi gayi ho, jaise kisi law ya act ke tahat.

7 Members:

Commission mein kul 7 log the, aur sabhi British citizens the (koi Indian representative nahi tha).

Iska example hai Simon Commission (1927), jisme 7 British members ne India ke naye constitution ke working par report banayi thi.

Communal Award (1932):

1. Announcement:

August 1932 mein, British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald ne ek scheme announce ki, jise Communal Award kaha gaya.

  • Is scheme ke tahat minorities ko representation diya gaya.

  • Separate electorates continue kiye gaye Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians aur Europeans ke liye.

  • Iska extension depressed classes (Scheduled Castes) tak bhi kar diya gaya.

2. Gandhiji ka Opposition:

  • Gandhiji ne depressed classes ke liye separate electorate ko oppose kiya.

  • Unhone is decision ke khilaaf Yerawada Jail (Poona) mein fast unto death shuru kar diya.

3. Poona Pact (1932):

Congress aur depressed class ke leaders ke beech agreement hua, jise Poona Pact kehte hain.

Is pact ke tahat:

  • Hindu joint electorate ko retain (rakha) gaya.

  • Depressed classes ko reserved seats di gayi.

Doubt:

Depressed Classes ka Matlab:

"Depressed Classes" term un logon ke liye use hoti thi jo Indian society ke sabse neechele section ya Scheduled Castes (SC) ke log the. British Government ne unhe yeh naam diya tha, kyunki unhe samajik aur arthik taur par bhedbhaav ka samna karna padta tha, aur unki sthiti bahut pichhdi hui thi.

Example:

  • Untouchables (achhoot) ko "Depressed Classes" bola gaya.

  • In logon ke liye Gandhi ji ne kaafi sangharsh kiya aur inhe samaj mein samaan adhikar dilane ki baat ki.

Reserved Seats ka Matlab:

Reserved seats ka matlab hai kisi specific group ke liye seats reserve karna, jisse wo political ya educational representation mein samil ho saken.

Example in Communal Award (1932):

  • British Government ne Depressed Classes ke liye reserved seats ka system rakha tha.

  • Yeh seats sirf unhi logon ke liye hoti thi jo us particular group (jaise Scheduled Castes) ke hote the.

Election ke dauran, sirf us group ke log vote karte the aur unki community ka representative chunte the.

Objective:

Reserved seats ka maksad tha ki un pichhde sections ko political representation mile aur unki samasyaon ka samadhan ho.

Doubt:

At the time of the Communal Award (1932), the term Scheduled Castes (SC) was not officially in use. Instead, the term "Depressed Classes" was used to describe those communities in Indian society that faced severe social discrimination and were often referred to as "Untouchables."

The term "Scheduled Castes" officially came into use later with the Government of India Act, 1935, which created "Schedules" or lists of such communities for administrative purposes. Thus, during the Communal Award, Depressed Classes referred to the same communities that would later be classified as Scheduled Castes.

Summary:

1932 (Communal Award): Term used: Depressed Classes.

1935 onwards: Official term: Scheduled Castes (SC).

Government of India Act of 1935 ka matlab tha India mein puri tarah se responsible government ka ek aur kadam. Yeh Act kaafi lamba aur detailed tha, jisme 321 sections aur 10 schedules the. Is Act ki kuch important features hain:

1. All-India Federation ka banaya jaana:

Act ne All-India Federation banane ki baat ki, jisme provinces aur princely states ko units banaya gaya. Power ko 3 lists mein divide kiya gaya:

  • Federal List (Centre ke liye, jisme 59 items)

  • Provincial List (Provinces ke liye, jisme 54 items)

  • Concurrent List (Donon, Centre aur provinces ke liye, jisme 36 items). Residuary powers ko Viceroy ke paas rakha gaya. Lekin, princely states ne federation join nahi kiya, isliye federation ban nahi paaya.

2. Dyarchy ka abolish hona aur Provincial Autonomy ka introduction:

Provinces mein dyarchy (do prakar ka governance system) ko khatam karke provincial autonomy introduce ki gayi. Provinces ko apne kaam karne ki autonomy di gayi thi, aur responsible government bhi laya gaya tha. Iska matlab tha ki Governor ko ministers ke advice ke saath kaam karna padta tha. Yeh 1937 mein implement hua tha aur 1939 mein band ho gaya.

3. Dyarchy ka introduction Centre par:

Centre par dyarchy introduce ki gayi thi. Federal subjects ko reserved aur transferred subjects mein divide kiya gaya. Lekin, yeh provision kabhi operate nahi ho paya.

4. Bicameralism ka introduction:

6 provinces mein bicameralism (do house wala system) laaya gaya, jisme Legislative Council (upper house) aur Legislative Assembly (lower house) banaye gaye. Yeh provinces the: Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Bihar, Assam, aur United Provinces. Lekin, in par kai restrictions thi.

5. Communal Representation ka extension:

Communal representation ko aur badhaya gaya, jisme depressed classes (Scheduled Castes), women, aur labour (workers) ke liye separate electorates diye gaye.

6. Council of India ka abolish hona:

Government of India Act of 1858 ke tehat banayi gayi Council of India ko band kar diya gaya, aur Secretary of State for India ke paas advisors ka ek team diya gaya.

7. Franchise ka extension:

Franchise ko extend kiya gaya, jisme 10% population ko vote karne ka adhikar mila.

8. Reserve Bank of India ka establishment:

Reserve Bank of India banaya gaya taaki currency aur credit ko control kiya ja sake.

9. Public Service Commissions ka establishment:

Act ne Federal Public Service Commission ke alawa Provincial Public Service Commission aur Joint Public Service Commission ko bhi establish kiya.

10. Federal Court ka establishment:

Ek Federal Court banaya gaya, jo 1937 mein setup hua tha.

Is Act ne India mein ek responsible government ki taraf kaafi important kadam uthaye, lekin kai provisions effectively implement nahi ho paaye.

Indian Independence Act of 1947 ka matlab tha Britain ka control India se pura khatam hona aur India ka independence milna. 20 February 1947 ko British Prime Minister Clement Atlee ne announce kiya ki British rule India mein 30 June 1948 tak khatam ho jayega, aur uske baad power Indian hands mein transfer ki jayegi. Is announcement ke baad, Muslim League ne country ke partition ki demand kar di. Fir, 3 June 1947 ko Lord Mountbatten ne partition plan diya, jise Mountbatten Plan kaha gaya. Yeh plan Congress aur Muslim League dono ne accept kiya. Is plan ko Indian Independence Act 1947 ke zariye turant implement kiya gaya.

Indian Independence Act of 1947 ki kuch important features hain:

1. British rule ka khatam hona aur India ka independent aur sovereign state banna 15 August 1947 se. Is din se India ko apni puri azadi mil gayi.

2. India ka partition aur do independent dominions ka creation kiya gaya – India aur Pakistan. Dono ko British Commonwealth se alag hone ka haq diya gaya.

3. Viceroy ka office band kiya gaya, aur har dominion ke liye Governor-General appoint kiya gaya, jo British King ke advice par appoint hota tha. Britain ka India ya Pakistan ki government ke liye koi responsibility nahi thi.

4. Constituent Assemblies ko power di gayi ki wo apne respective nations ke liye constitution banaye aur British Parliament ke kisi bhi act ko repeal kar sake (Indian Independence Act ko bhi).

5. Constituent Assemblies ko yeh bhi power di gayi ki wo apne respective territories ke liye laws bana sakein jab tak naye constitution ban kar implement na ho jaye. 15 August 1947 ke baad British Parliament ka koi bhi act dono dominions par apply nahi hota tha, jab tak wo dominions ki legislature ke law ke through extend na kiya jaye.

Is Act se India aur Pakistan ko puri independence mil gayi, aur British rule ka khatama ho gaya.

Indian Independence Act of 1947 ke kuch aur important features:

6. Secretary of State for India ka office abolish kiya gaya, aur uske functions ko Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs ko transfer kiya gaya.

7. British paramountcy (supreme authority) ka lapse ho gaya over Indian princely states aur tribal areas se unki treaty relations bhi 15 August 1947 se khatam ho gayi.

8. Indian princely states ko freedom di gayi ki wo Dominion of India ya Dominion of Pakistan join kar sakte hain, ya phir independent rehne ka faisla bhi kar sakte hain.

9. Government of India Act 1935 ko abhi bhi governance ke liye use kiya gaya har dominion aur province ke liye, jab tak naye constitutions ban nahi gaye. Lekin dominions ko yeh power di gayi thi ki wo act mein modifications kar sakte hain.

10. British Monarch ka right to veto bills ya bills ko approve karne ke liye reserve karne ka power khatam kar diya gaya. Yeh right ab Governor-General ke paas tha. Governor-General ko His Majesty ke naam par bills assent dene ka full power diya gaya.

11. Governor-General aur provincial governors ko constitutional (nominal) heads bana diya gaya. Unhe respective council of ministers ke advice par kaam karna tha har matter mein.

12. Emperor of India ka title jo England ke King ke royal titles mein tha, wo hata diya gaya.

13. Civil services mein appointments aur posts reservation jo Secretary of State for India karta tha, wo ab discontinue kar diya gaya. Jo civil services ke members 15 August 1947 se pehle appointed the, unhe wo sari benefits milti rahi jo unhe us time tak mil rahi thi.

14-15 August ki raat ko British rule ka khatam hona aur power do new independent dominions of India aur Pakistan ko transfer karna officially shuru ho gaya. Lord Mountbatten ko India ke pehle Governor-General banaya gaya, aur unhone Jawaharlal Nehru ko independent India ke pehle Prime Minister ke roop mein swear in kiya. 1946 mein banayi gayi Constituent Assembly of India ko India ke Parliament ka status mil gaya.

Is tarah se India ko apni independence mil gayi aur British rule khatam ho gaya.