social
Accommodation: A process that occurs when people from different cultures come into contact and accept and create space for one another. finding ways to incorporate and include cultural practices from one group with another.
Acculturation: The cultural changes that occur when two cultures accommodate, or adapt to, each other’s worldviews.
Assimilation: A process that occurs when the culture of a minority group is absorbed by another culture. The cultural identity of the minority group disappears as its members take on the identity of the other culture.
Integration: the combination of mixing 2 or more cultures into a new, unique culture. Affirmation of Identity:
Collective: A group to which a person belongs and identifies with.
Coltan: a mineral that is used in most microelectronic devices, mainly mined in the DRC CRTC:
CAVCO: (Canadian audio-visual certification office) - determines what can be designated as Canadian content for television. *must have 6 points to be ‘Canadian’
Culture:
Cultural Content Laws: Laws passed by a government to prevent a group’s cultural identity — including its artists, performers, songs, movies, and literature — from being overwhelmed by the media of a more dominant culture.
Cultural Diversity: Variety in cultures and identities.
Cultural Revitalization: The process of affirming and promoting people’s individual and collective cultural identity.
Diversification:
Dimensions of Globalization: The process of the world becoming more interconnected and interdependent - there are 4 dimensions to this.
● Economic Globalization: The spread of trade, transportation, and communication systems around the world in the interests of promoting worldwide commerce.
● Political Globalization: the intensification and expansion of political interrelations
across the globe.
● Social Globalization: the sharing of ideas and information between and through
different countries. In today's world, the Internet and social media is at the heart of
this
● Environmental Globalization: the internationally coordinated practices and regulations
(often in the form of international treaties) regarding environmental protection. Forces of Globalization
● Communication Technology:
● Media: outlets or tools used to store and deliver content
● Global Transportation Net: a system of interconnected transportation infrastructure
that spans across the globe, enabling the movement of goods, people, and
information between different countries and regions.
● International Trade: trade that is international
Homogenization: The erasing of differences. When this term is applied to people, it often refers to the erasing of cultural differences so that peoples become more and more similar.Hybridization: The combining of elements of two or more different things to create something new.
Identity: who we are as people, as a nation, or even as a world community. There are many different ways of looking at identity, but for our purposes today, we are going to focus on personal identity, and how it changes when we are exposed to identities different from our own. 2 types - collective and individual.Marginalization: the way in which society oppresses minority groups through social, political, economic, and geographic means
Lubicon Cree:
Refugee: a person who flees his or her home country because of fears of persecution or abuse, particularly by their own government.Media Convergence: The use of electronic technology to integrate media such as newspapers, books, TV, and the Internet.
Media Concentration: The gathering of ownership of newspapers and other media in the hands of a few large corporations.
Multiculturalism: An official Canadian government policy founded on the idea that Canadian society is pluralistic — made of many culturally distinct groups who are free to affirm and promote their own cultural identity.
Pop Culture: A short form for “popular culture,” which is the culture of the people. This term often refers to current cultural trends that are spread by commercial mass media. Transnational Corporation: A company that is based in one country while developing and manufacturing its products, or delivering its goods and services, in more than one country. Also called a multinational corporation. Outsources.
Universalization of Pop Culture: The spread of culture, trends, customs, and practices around the world.Beothuk in Canada:
Scramble for Africa: (1880 to 1900) was a period of rapid colonization of the African continent by European powers
Berlin Conference: After the invasion of Africa by King Leopold II (Belgium) and the threat of British expansion, Otto von Bismarck called the Berlin Conference in order to ‘fairly’ divide the continent of Africa between European colonial powers. At the time, 80% of Africa still remained under traditional and local control.
Chattel Slavery: The most common form of slavery known to Americans. This system, which allowed people — considered legal property — to be bought, sold and owned forever
Child Labour: Child labour is the exploitation of children through any form of work that interferes with their ability to attend regular school, or is mentally, physically, socially and morally harmful
Cultural Mosaic: A society that is made up of many distinct cultural groups.
Cultural Pluralism: The idea that a variety of peoples are free to affirm and promote their customs, traditions, beliefs, and language within a society.
Depopulation: A reduction in population caused by natural or human-made forces. Ethnocentrism: A word that combines “ethnic” and “center.” It refers to a way of thinking that centers on one’s own race and culture. Ethnocentric people believe that their worldview is the only valid one.Eurocentrism: A form of ethnocentrism that uses European ethnic, national, religious, and linguistic criteria to judge other peoples and their cultures.
European Diseases:
Foreign Aid: A reduction in population caused by natural or human-made forces.Gacaca Courts: Community courts established in Rwanda to try low-level officials and ordinary people accused of taking part in the Rwandan genocide. The purpose of these courts was to speed up the process of bringing to justice those who had participated in the genocide and to encourage reconciliation.
Genocide: The mass killing of human beings, especially a targeted group of people.
Grand /Columbian Exchange: During the late 15th century; the widespread transfer of plants, animals, precious metals, commodities, culture, human population, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia.
Historical Globalization: A period that is often identified as beginning in 1492, when Christopher Columbus made his first voyage to the Caribbean, and ending after World War II, when the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers.
Hutus + Tutsis:
Imperialism: One country’s domination over another country’s economic, political, and cultural institutions.Indian Act & Changes over the years: First passed by the Canadian Parliament in 1876 and amended several times since then, this act continues to define who is — and is not — a status Indian. Early versions of the act banned some traditional practices of First Nations cultures and allowed only those who renounced Indian status to vote in federal elections. Numbered Treaties:
Indigenous People:
Industrial Revolution: The period between about 1750 and 1850, when work became mechanised and began to occur in factories. Rapid shift from and agricultural economy to one of handicrafts that relied on steam power, factories, & mass production
Land Claims:
King Leopold & the Congo: He claimed heArab slavers, and to open the heart of Africa to Christian missionaries, and Western capitalists. He was actually doing it for ivory & rubber.
He forced indigenous people to get the resources, up to 10 million people died from labour, starvation and extermination. Belgium found and forced him to sell his personal colony to the government, the lives of the Congolese did not improve until later when Congo was liberated. Legacy: Something that has been passed on by those who lived in the past.
Mercantilism: A policy followed by European imperial powers from the 16th to the 19th century. In colonies, trade was strictly controlled to benefit the economy of the imperial power.
Colonialism: the pursuing, establishing and maintaining of control and exploitation of people and of resources by a foreign group of peopleIndia/Pakistan & Raj (British rule):
Middle Passage + Slavery:
Monopoly:
Multiculturalism: An official Canadian government policy founded on the idea that Canadian society is pluralistic — made of many culturally distinct groups who are free to affirm and promote their own cultural identity.The practice of expanding a nation’s power (military, political & culture)
onto sovereign countries; The empire’s leader does not live on the newly ‘claimed’ land, but
rules from afar.
King Leopold II ruled over the Congo Free State
was doing it to protect the "natives” from
Non-Governmental Organization: An organization established by groups of people to work toward specific goals and to gain public support in achieving these goals. NGOs depend on volunteer workers and donations, but they may also receive grants or contracts from governments. They may influence government policies at national and international levels. Residential Schools + Legacies in Canada: Boarding schools where First
Nations children were gathered to live, work, and study. These schools were operated or subsidized by the Canadian government as an important element of the government’s assimilation policy. The last residential school closed in 1996.
Apartheid in South Africa: An Afrikaans word that refers to a policy of segregating and discriminating against non-whites in South Africa.Segregation: Silk Road / Silk Route: Eurasian trade network. Silk, jade, tea, spices, animals, religious beliefs, language etc. were exchanged across ~6,000 kms.
Statement of Reconciliation:
Romeo Dallaire + Rwanda:
Rwandan Genocide:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission + First Nations in Canada:
Legacies of the Seven Years War & Early European Immigration to Canada:
Alternative Energy Sources: include solar, wind, tidal, hydroelectricity or nuclear power.
Capitalism: An economic system that advocates free trade, competition, and choice as a means of achieving prosperity. The exact opposite of mercantilism!Communism: An economic and political system whose purpose is to eliminate class distinctions. Everyone would work for the benefit of all and would receive help as he or she needs it.
Consensus: General agreement.
Containerization: The transporting of goods in standard-sized shipping containers. Ecological Footprint: The area of the earth’s surface necessary to sustain the level of resources a person uses and the waste she or he creates.
E-Commerce: "electronic commerce" is the trading of goods and services online.
Economic Depression: A long period of low economic activity accompanied by high levels of unemployment.
Economic Globalization: The spread of trade, transportation, and communication systems around the world in the interests of promoting worldwide commerce.
European Union (EU): is a unique economic and political union between 27 European countries. The EU that we know today has its roots in several treaties signed in the aftermath of the Second World War.
Flags of Convenience: A flag flown by ships when they are registered in a country that is not the country of their owner.
Foreign Investment: Purchase of assets/land/factories in one country by individuals or companies in another country
Free Trade: The trade that occurs when two or more countries eliminate tariffs and taxes on the goods and services they trade with one another.
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade): Led to countries agreeing to eliminate tariffs (taxes on imports) and other trade barriers and quotas between themselves. Global Climate Change: Small but steady changes in average temperatures around the world.
Great Depression: a severe global economic downturn that affected many countries across the world. It became evident after a sharp decline in stock prices in the United States, leading to a period of economic depression.
GDP (Gross Domestic Product): Total annual value of what’s produced in a nation
HDI (Human Development Index): how long a country’s people live, how much school enrolment a country has, and the country’s GDP
Knowledge Economy: Businesses and individuals who use research, education, new ideas, and information technologies for practical purposes.
Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, Copenhagen Accord and environmental treaties: Some of the major treaties that have been signed in the past 25 years, Countries of the world sign these treaties as an attempt to solve the problem of climate change for many years. NAFTA/CUSMA/USMCA/T-MEC: aimed to create a free trade zone between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico
Nationalization: A philosophy that stresses dedication and devotion to a nation and holds that such commitments offset other individual interests.
Outsourcing: A business strategy that involves reducing costs by using suppliers of products and services in countries where labour is cheaper and government regulation may be less strict.
Privatization: The selling of a public service, such as electricity delivery or health care, to a private company so that the service is no longer owned by the government.
Quotas: A government-imposed trade restriction that limits the number or monetary value of goods that a country can import or export during a particular period.
Sanctions: A penalty. Often an economic penalty, such as a trade boycott, is taken to pressure a government to agree to carry out certain actions or follow certain rules. Standard of Living: the level of material wealth and income available to a person or community
Stewardship: Accepting responsibility for ensuring that the earth’s resources remain sustainable.
Subsidy: money that is paid by a government or other authority in order to help an industry or business, or to pay for a public service.
Sustainability: The degree to which Earth is able to provide the resources necessary to meet people’s needs.
Sustainable Development: Development that meets people’s needs in the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
Sustainable Prosperity: Practising stewardship of the environment and resources so that future generations are able to achieve prosperity.
Tariffs: A tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.
Tar/Oil Sands:
Trade Liberalization: REMOVING tariffs, quotas or any other barrier that makes trade more challenging
United Nations: a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
WTO (world trade organization): GATT primarily focused on reducing tariffs on goods, whereas the WTO's scope extends to services, intellectual property, and agriculture.
Bretton Woods Conference: Near the end of WWII (July 1944), a conference was held in the town of Bretton Woods in New Hampshire, USA - creatively called “The Bretton Woods Conference”. Even though the war wasn’t over, delegates from over 44 countries who were at the conference, were trying to figure out a way to avoid another Great Depression - and another global conflict.
World Bank: Was one of the two creations from the Bretton Woods Conference, an organization aimed to create worldwide economic stability. Original Goals were to lend money to help rebuild war torn countries and speed up economic progress, industrialized countries. Some current goals of the World Bank are to Increase growth, reduce poverty in developing countries and fund specific infrastructure projects
IMF(International Monetary Fund): Was one of the two creations from the Bretton Woods Conference, an organization aimed to create worldwide economic stability. Original Goals were to set dependable international exchange rates for world currencies and to establish international economic stability and promote fair trade Some current goals are to provide emergency short term loans to countries and demand reforms in a country to promote good governance and get rid of corruption
Milton Friedman: An American economist who, despite his humble origins, rose to become one of the most influential economists of the 20th century. Friedman revolutionized the way economists think about consumption, money, stabilization policy and unemployment. Wrote books, talked about capitalism and freedom
Two economists, John Maynard Keynes & Freidrich Hayek had their ideas front and centre for the conference.
John Maynard Keynes: Believed that Unrestricted capitalism was a bad thing - led to the Great Depression and eventually WWII. Also believed that governments should play a role in economy of a country and that when people lose their jobs in a recession, the government should set up programs to get people back to work
Friedrich Hayek: Disagreed with Keynes on the role of government in the economy. Said that governments should not be involved - capitalism is good and competition is good and will lead to economic prosperity