7b
1. Adaptive evolution: the process by which populations of living things change and develop over time, becoming better suited to their environment through natural selection, where beneficial traits increase in frequency and deleterious traits decrease.
2. Allopatric speciation: A mode of speciation induced when an ancestral population becomes segregated by a geographic barrier or is itself divided into two or more geographically isolated subpopulations.
3. Allopolyploid: A common type of polyploid species resulting from two different species interbreeding and combining their chromosomes.
4. Autopolyploid: An individual that has more than two chromosome sets, all derived from a single species.
5. Bottleneck affect: Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.
6. Directional selection: Natural selection that favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range.
7. Disruptive selection: a type of natural selection where individuals with extreme traits have higher fitness than those with intermediate traits, leading to a population with two or more distinct forms.
8. Founder affect: Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, with the result that the new population’s gene pool is not reflective of the original population.
9. Gene flow: Genetic additions to or substractions from a population resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or gametes.
10. Gene pool: The total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time.
11. Genetic drift: Unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next because of a population’s finite size.
12. Genetic variation: the differences in the DNA sequences (genes) that exist among individuals within a population or between different populations of the same species.
13. Habitat differentiation: habitat differentiation refers to the process where populations of the same species evolve to occupy different habitats or exploit different resources within the same geographic area
14. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: The condition describing a non-evolving population (one that is in genetic equilibrium).
15. Hybrid: the offspring resulting from the mating of two organisms of different varieties, subspecies, species, or genera, inheriting genetic material from both parents.
16. Hybrid zone: A region where two related populations that diverged after becoming geographically isolated make secondary contact and interbreed where their geographic ranges overlap.
17. Interspecific: occurring or existing between different species, often used in the context of interactions like competition or relationships
18. Neutral variation: Genetic diversity that confers no apparent selective advantage.
19. Polyploidy: A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets.
20. Population: A localized group of individuals that belong to the same biological species (that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring).
21. Postzygotic barrier: Any of several species-isolating mechanisms that prevent hybrids produced by two different species from developing into viable, fertile adults.
22. Prezygotic barrier: A reproductive barrier that impedes mating between species or hinders fertilization of ova if interspecific mating is attempted.
23. Punctuated equilibria: long periods of apparent stasis (no change) interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change.
24. Relative fitness: The contribution of one genotype to the next generation compared to that of alternative genotypes for the same locus.
25. Sexual selection: Selection based on variation in secondary sex characteristics, leading to the enhancement of sexual dimorphism.
26. Sister species: two species that share a most recent common ancestor, meaning they are each other's closest living relatives on an evolutionary tree.
27. Speciation rate: the frequency or speed at which new species emerge from existing ones through the process of speciation
28. Stabilizing selection: Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes.
29. Sympatric speciation: A mode of speciation occurring as a result of a radical change in the genome of a subpopulation, reproductively isolating the subpopulation from the parent population.
30. Temporal isolation: a prezygotic reproductive barrier where species are reproductively isolated because they breed during different times of the day, season, or year, preventing interbreeding