The Revolutionary War: Part Two
The Revolutionary War: Part Two
Southern Campaign
British military focus shifted to the South in later years of the war.
The campaign devolved into a brutal civil war involving guerrilla warfare.
British actions led to increased support for the Patriot cause.
Savannah, Georgia captured by the British in November 1778.
Conflict with Native Americans
No major British-American campaigns, but skirmishes with Native tribes.
Cherry Valley Massacre (11/11/1778) by British and Haudenosaunee (Iroquois).
Washington launched the Sullivan Expedition, destroying Iroquois villages, weakening their presence.
Native American Involvement
Native Americans largely stayed neutral initially but many sided with the British.
Civil conflict among tribes due to divided loyalties.
Post-war, Native Americans faced removal and ongoing conflict.
African Americans in the Revolution
Many African Americans escaped or fought in the war, taking advantage of revolutionary rhetoric.
Congress initially barred blacks from military service; later allowed enlistment of free blacks.
5,000 African Americans fought for the Americans, contributing to military efforts.
Year of Reversals (1780)
British captured Charleston, leading to significant American troop losses.
French troops under Count Rochambeau arrived but delayed involvement.
Benedict Arnold's treachery exemplified American military tensions.
Mutiny in the Continental Army (January 1781)
2,500 Pennsylvania soldiers mutinied due to pay and supply issues.
Washington intervened and helped negotiate a resolution.
The French Connection
Washington and Rochambeau's strategic discussions led to a pivot towards Southern operations.
The British army in the South, under Cornwallis, retreated to Virginia.
The Battle of Yorktown (October 1781)
Franco-American forces besieged Cornwallis; he surrendered on October 17, 1781.
Washington demonstrated political and military acumen through strategic decisions.
Aftermath of the War
Cornwallis’ surrender led to peace negotiations in Paris.
The Treaty of Paris (1783) recognized American independence and territorial expansion, excluding Native Americans.
Washington's Legacy
Washington's actions post-war prevented a coup and emphasized republican values.
Resigned his military commission in 1783, likening himself to Cincinnatus.
Consequences of the Revolutionary War
Heavy human and monetary costs; significant military fatalities and debts.
The spirit of equality began to emerge post-war, influencing social dynamics.
Impact on Women
The role of women evolved into 'republican motherhood' emphasizing education for civic duty.
Impact on Enslaved Individuals
The rhetoric of liberty undermined slavery, leading to gradual emancipation in the North.
Growing Egalitarianism
Spirit of independence transformed into notions of equality.
People's social status increasingly determined by merit rather than birthright.