The SECOND Industrial Revolution & Its EFFECTS [AP Euro Review, Unit 6 Topic 3]

The second wave of industrialization mirrored the first, but on a larger scale.
Great Britain was the initial leader in this movement, establishing the factory system replacing handcrafted goods with mass production.

Originated in the 16th century in Essen, Germany, focusing on weapon manufacturing.
By 1870, the family perfected steel-making processes and dominated the European steel market.

Recognized as the first true industrial city.
Site of the first Industrial Park, facilitating machine manufacturing.
Standard of living improved for residents due to industrial growth, leading to increased wealth in the area.

Samuel Morse invented the telegraph in the 1840s, allowing long-distance communication via Morse code.
The 1870s saw the establishment of transatlantic telegraph wire, enhancing economic links between Britain and the U.S.

Introduction of vulcanization, a process enhancing rubber durability, significant for machinery and electrical wire insulation.

Railroads expanded significantly during the second industrial phase, replacing water transport as the main method for goods.
Thousands of miles of rail were built, enhancing commerce and facilitating urbanization as populations moved to cities.

Shift from steam power to gasoline as a source of energy.
Eventually paved the way for gas-powered tractors for agriculture and automobiles for transportation.

The internal combustion engine led to the growth of the automobile industry, notably with Henry Ford's innovative manufacturing practices in Manchester.
Rise of streetcars transformed urban transport, creating a new industry.

Increased availability of affordable consumer goods spurred the development of advertising.
Department stores emerged, creating an arena where shopping became a leisure activity, particularly for middle-class women.
Demand for consumer goods fueled a cycle of advertising and production.

Occurred in the late 19th century in the U.S. and Western Europe, marked by a scarcity of money due to wars and consumer demands.
This led to banks limiting loans, exacerbating unemployment and economic troubles.

Some sought monopolies by acquiring competitors, allowing them to set prices favorably.

Implementation of protective tariffs to safeguard domestic industries from foreign competition.
Tariffs could incite trade wars, which negatively impacted consumer interests.
Some nations opted for free trade agreements to encourage trade without tariffs.

Significant because it set the stage for the political unification of the German states.
Prussia's rich coal and iron deposits facilitated rapid industrial growth, railroad expansion, and factory establishment.
The Zollverein Agreement (1834) lowered trade barriers, uniting German states economically.
Friedrich List's National System aimed to protect native industries through temporary tariffs until they could compete with Britain.
By the early 20th century, Prussian industry was competitive on a global scale.