Deontological and Right-based

Lesson 1: Kantian Ethics (Deontological Moral Theory)

1. Key Concepts:

• Duty-Based Ethics: Focuses on intentions rather than consequences. Actions are right or wrong based on adherence to moral duties.

• Categorical Imperative:

• Universal Law: Act only according to maxims that can be universally applied.

• Humanity as an End: Treat humanity as an end, never merely as a means.

• Kingdom of Ends: Act as if every action contributes to a community where moral laws are universally followed.

• Good Will: The only thing good without qualification, driven by duty and respect for moral law.

2. Moral Absolutism:

• Universal moral rules exist and are binding regardless of consequences.

3. Practical Applications:

• Respect autonomy, avoid manipulation.

• Evaluate actions using rational, universal principles.

Lesson 2: Rights-Based Theories

1. Core Ideas:

• Natural Rights: Derived from natural law; life, liberty, and property are inherent.

• Moral vs. Legal Rights:

• Moral Rights: Universal and inalienable, based on human dignity.

• Legal Rights: Codified in laws and enforced by governments.

• Positive vs. Negative Rights:

• Positive Rights: Entitlements to be provided with resources (e.g., education).

• Negative Rights: Protections from interference (e.g., freedom of speech).

2. Key Thinkers:

• John Locke: Natural rights to life, liberty, and property; foundational for democratic governance.

• John Rawls: Justice as fairness; equal rights and addressing inequalities for the least advantaged.

3. Principles:

• Rights are universal and inalienable.

• Balancing individual rights with collective well-being is essential.

Applications of Module 7

• Ethics in Public Life: Policies and laws must respect universal rights and moral duties.

• Professional Practice: Uphold honesty, fairness, and respect for autonomy in decision-making.

• Justice Systems: Create fair, universalizable laws while protecting individual dignity.

Critiques and Challenges

• Kantian Ethics:

• Criticized for rigidity; lacks flexibility in extreme situations.

• May neglect emotional considerations in moral decision-making.

• Rights-Based Ethics:

• Balancing conflicting rights can be challenging.

• Cultural relativism questions universality of rights.

Key Takeaways

• Focus on moral duties and universal principles.

• Respect and protect individual rights in all ethical decisions.

• Balance justice, fairness, and collective good while addressing critiques.