taxonomy
Bird's Eyeview of the Living World
The Six Kingdoms of Classification
Historical Context
1700’s: Linnaeus classified all life into 2 kingdoms: Plants and Animals.
As understanding of organism diversity expanded, more kingdoms were recognized.
Currently accepted classification includes 6 kingdoms.
The Six Kingdoms
Kingdoms are the broadest taxa in biological classification, following the hierarchy: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (KPCOFGS).
Kingdoms:
ANIMALIA: Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms.
PLANTAE: Multicellular, eukaryotic organisms.
FUNGI: Multicellular or unicellular, eukaryotic organisms.
PROTISTA: Eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular.
EUBACTERIA: Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms.
ARCHAEBACTERIA: Unicellular, prokaryotic organisms.
Taxonomy and Cell Types
Taxonomy organised by:
Type of cells.
Ability to produce food (autotrophic vs. heterotrophic).
Cellular complexity (unicellular vs. multicellular).
Organisms Overview:
Archaebacteria: Unicellular, prokaryotic.
Eubacteria: Unicellular, prokaryotic.
Protists: Mostly unicellular, some multicellular, eukaryotic.
Fungi: Multicellular or unicellular, eukaryotic.
Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic.
Animals: Multicellular, eukaryotic.
Key Terminology
Getting Food:
Autotrophs: Organisms that make their own food.
Heterotrophs: Organisms that obtain food from other sources.
Type of Cells:
Prokaryotic: No nucleus, circular DNA (plasmid), smaller in size, contain ribosomes.
Eukaryotic: Has a nucleus and organelles, DNA in chromosomes, larger in size.
Body Type:
Unicellular: Made of one cell.
Multicellular: Made of multiple cells, can have specialized functions.
Reproduction:
Sexual: Involves male and female parents.
Asexual: Involves only one parent.
Details of Each Kingdom
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Cell Type: Prokaryote
Number of Cells: Unicellular
Nutrition: Autotroph or Heterotroph
Location: Extreme environments (e.g., volcanoes, deep-sea vents, Yellowstone hot springs).
Examples: Methanogens, Thermophiles (ancient bacteria).
Kingdom Eubacteria
Cell Type: Prokaryote
Number of Cells: Unicellular
Nutrition: Autotroph or Heterotroph
Examples: Escherichia coli (E. coli), Streptococcus.
Chemical Makeup: Different from Archaebacteria.
Kingdom Protista
Cell Type: Eukaryote
Number of Cells: Mostly unicellular, some multicellular
Nutrition: Autotroph or Heterotroph
Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena.
Characteristics: Diverse, referred to as the “odds and ends” kingdom.
Kingdom Fungi
Cell Type: Eukaryote
Number of Cells: Mostly multicellular, some unicellular
Nutrition: Heterotroph (decomposers).
Examples: Mushrooms, yeast, mildew, mold.
Kingdom Plantae
Cell Type: Eukaryote
Number of Cells: Multicellular
Nutrition: Autotroph
Examples: Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants.
Kingdom Animalia
Cell Type: Eukaryote
Number of Cells: Multicellular
Nutrition: Heterotroph
Examples: Sponges, worms, insects, fish, mammals.
Summary of the Six Kingdoms
Eubacteria: "True" bacteria (prokaryotic).
Archaebacteria: "Ancient" bacteria (prokaryotic).
Protista: Diverse and unique organisms (eukaryotic).
Fungi: Decomposers of dead matter (eukaryotic).
Plantae: Stationary, photosynthetic organisms (eukaryotic).
Animalia: Mobile, heterotrophic organisms (eukaryotic).