world cultures exploration/reformation

faith alone doctrine - its a belief of martin luther and his followers that justification was by faith alone. Its also called sola fide

calvinism - formed by john calvin who was a french priest and lawyer. He agreed with luther's ideas but he believed in this thing called predestination which basically meant that people were elected by god randomly before they were born and their actions had no bearing on whether they got into heaven or not.

anabaptism - they rejected baptizing babies unlike the catholic church because they thought that children should experience the world before they commit to the church completely. the moderate anabaptists were mostly peaceful and they wanted tolerance towards all religions. however more radical anabaptists wanted to get rid of private property

lutheranism - they were followers of martin luther who followed his teachings. they believed that people would reach heaven and spiritual enlightenment through faith alone and that the bible alone is the source of truth and that people can interpret it themselves

protestant reformation - mainly about martin luther's teachings and his followers splitting from the catholic church.

english reformation - about Henry the 8ths wish to get a divorce and breaking off of the Catholic religion and gaining control of the newly protestant english church to do so

Introduction and importance of the scientific method - requires collection of accurate data and proposal of a logical hypothesis

Nicolaus Copernicus’ Heliocentric model - Sun-centered model of the universe and the earth is one of several planets that revolve around the sun

Tycho Brahe - Provided evidence to support Copernicus’s theory, he set up an astronomical observatory to accumulate data about movements in the sky

Johannes Kepler - Assistant to Brahe who used his data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun (doesn’t move in perfect circle), his calculations supported Copernicus

Galileo Galilei - Assembled an astronomical telescope, he became the first person to see mountains on the moon and asserted that Jupiter’s moons operated exactly how Copernicus said the earth moves around the sun

Isaac Newton - Invented calculus as a basis for uniformed natural laws and provided mathematics as a basis for explaining all motions; theorized that gravity was the force that controls the movements of the planets, believed that all motion in the universe can be measured and described mathematically; contributed to the development of calculus to help explain his laws

Paracelsus- looked at the chemical causes behind sickness to treat patientsNicolaus Copernicus - Sun-centered model of the universe and the earth is one of several planets that revolve around the sun

Francis Bacon - Along with Descartes, rejected Aristotle’s assumptions and stressed the need for experimentation and observation; argued that truth is known at the end of the inquiry; wanted science to improve lives by developing practical technology

Rene Descartes - Emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding, realized that doubt was the only thing he couldn’t question “I think, therefore I am”

Andreas Vesalius - Published the first accurate and detailed study of human anatomy in 1543, provided careful and clear drawings which corrected errors from the past

William Harvey - Described the circulation of the blood for the first time, he showed how the heart served as a pump to force blood through veins and arteries

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - Perfected the single-lens microscope, was the first human to see cells and microorganisms (bacteria), often called the founder of microbiology

Robert Boyle - Explained all matter was composed of tiny particles and behave in certain ways, showed how temp. & pressure affected gases

Martin Luther - doctor of theology; abandoned the idea of God as a vengeful deity and came to see Christ as a symbol of hope

Edict of Worms - where luther’s books were burned after the Diet at Worms

Charles V, HRE - holy roman emperor; summoned Luther to the Diet at Worms

95 Theses - written as a response to Luther’s revulsion of the claims Tetzel and others were making about indulgences, Oct 1517; accused by the catholic church of heresy

  • Main Points
    • Attacked the doctrine of the Treasury of Merit- indulgences could only be used to forgive sins against Church law, cannot be bought or sold
    • Pope had no authority over souls in purgatory
    • Emphasis on preaching of the Gospel

Causes of the Reformation - humanists attack of catholic church abuses; printing press allowed for ideas to be easily spread; division within the holy roman empire made it impossible to stop ideas; luther brought catholic church theology into question

Erasmus - first Christian humanist; wrote In Praise of Folly, criticized the Catholic church for forgetting about the spiritual needs of individuals. He advocated for a middle way between what the church was doing and the radical approach of Martin Luther and John Calvin.

Indulgences - bought to get rid of sins; only rich could buy them

How divisions in the HRE fueled spread of Protestantism:

  • Superficially Strong
    • Religious Sword- wielded by the Pope
    • Secular Sword- wielded by the Emperor
  • Fundamentally Weak
    • Knights and peasants not represented
    • Cities and princes compete for influence
  • Weaknesses means they are….
    • Financially exploited by the Pope (taxes and indulgences)
    • Eager to unite themselves

Peace of Augsburg - signed in 1555 after brief wars; said that each prince could choose a religion for his province (Catholic or Lutheran); north chose lutheranism and south chose catholicism

Henry VIII, England - wanted to annul marriage to wife Catherine since she only borne a daughter (he wanted a male heir)

Mary I, England

Elizabeth I, England - middle child of henry viii

Elizabethan Settlement

Council of Trent - called to end corruption and worldliness in the church (settle issues of doctrine); declared that salvation comes through faith and good works

Counter Reformation - catholic church sought to reform catholic practices and bring back protestants

Motives and means of age of exploration - European explorers wanted to explore asia; economic motives (high hopes for expanding trade, finding precious metals, convert indigenous people to catholic); new sailing technology; increasing knowledge of wind patterns

Characteristics of Spanish, Portuguese, French, English exploration

Mercantilism - a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century; it held that the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver 

Columbian Exchange:

  • Tried to build wealth by increasing exports of goods from producers at home to colonial markets overseas 
  • The resulting exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas is known as the Columbian Exchange 
  • Colonization and trade drove the Columbian Exchange
  • The exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas transformed the economic activity on both sides of the Atlantic 
    • Led to rapid increases of population (potatoes produced more food per acre than foods that had been grown there before)

Reasons for the Atlantic Slave Trade

  • Europeans continued to view Africans as being inferior beings fit chiefly for being slave labor 
  • It was not until the French Revolution in 1790s that the French abolished slavery 
  • The British ended slave trade in 1807 and abolished slavery throughout the empire in 1833 
  • Despite these reforms, slavery continued in the newly formed Untied States until the Civil War of the 1860s