AP US History Test #2

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied in the Electoral College; House of Representatives decided the election.
Alexander Hamilton supported Jefferson due to distrust of Burr.
The 12th Amendment (1804) allowed electors to vote within a party ticket.
The Election of 1800 = First peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.

John Adams filled government positions with Federalists before leaving office.
Jefferson replaced Adams' appointees with Democratic-Republicans.
Marbury v. Madison (1803): Established judicial review, giving the Supreme Court the power to review the constitutionality of congressional acts.
Louisiana Purchase: U.S. bought the Louisiana territory from France, concerning the U.S. due to potential trade restrictions.
Jefferson claimed presidential power to negotiate treaties, overcoming his belief of limiting federal power according to the Constitution.
Lewis and Clark explored the western territories, encouraging westward expansion.

Macon’s Bill No. 2: Offered to reopen trade with either France or England depending on who renounced interference with American trade first.
Rise of the War Hawks: Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun pushed for war to expand westward and annex British Canada.
The War of 1812: James Madison declared war in 1812.

Tecumseh unified tribes against American expansion; defeated by General William Henry Harrison.
British captured Washington D.C. in 1814.
Treaty of Ghent (1814): Ended the war after Napoleon's defeat.
Andrew Jackson won the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815.
The Federalist Party dissolved after the Hartford Convention.
American manufacturing increased due to the war.
James Madison supported protective tariffs, interstate roads, and the rechartering of the National Bank (American System).

Era of Good Feelings: One united political party allowed James Monroe to win two elections.
Economic development and sectionalism increased tension.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Strengthened federal government, asserting national law over state law.
Panic of 1819: Economic downturn caused by the National Bank collecting loans.
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819): Acquired Florida.

South American Revolutions: Independence from Spain.
The Monroe Doctrine declared that America would stay out of European affairs as long as Europe stayed out of the Americas.
Enforced by British naval power.

Debate over slavery as the nation expanded.
Missouri's application for statehood threatened the balance between slave and free states.
Henry Clay proposed the Missouri Compromise: Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and a line along the $36^{th}$ parallel.
Delayed the Civil War and split the Democratic-Republican party.

Electors chosen by state legislatures and congressional caucuses.
The caucus system ended; Andrew Jackson received the most votes but without a majority.
John Quincy Adams won after Henry Clay supported him.
"Corrupt Bargain": Adams nominated Clay as Secretary of State.

Adams' efforts to strengthen the central government were blocked by Jackson supporters in Congress.
Jackson supported states’ rights.
Jackson gathered a coalition to create the Democratic Party.
Accusations of corruption, violence, and bigamy.
Jackson won the Election of 1828.

Belief that Jesus would return after a thousand-year golden age brought about by mankind.
John Quincy Adams advocated for the metric system.

Jackson created the Democratic Party and used the spoils system.
Indian Removal Act (1830): Forced displacement of Cherokee to Oklahoma (Trail of Tears).
Supreme Court supported the Cherokees in Cherokee nation v. Georgia (1831) and Worcester v. Georgia (1832).
Andrew Jackson refused to comply.

Shift from Jeffersonian Republicanism to universal white manhood suffrage.
Andrew Jackson strengthened the presidential office.
Nullification Crisis: South Carolina nullified tariffs; Jackson authorized the Force Bill.
Henry Clay negotiated a lower tariff.