Morphology cont.

• hierarchical structure   * speech is executed and planned as syllables   * don't have to overlap with morphemes
• morphophonology: interplay between phonology and morphology   * phoneme ➝ allophones   * morpheme ➝ allomorphs     * ex: z. cats (s), dogs (z), foxes (-əz)     * allomorphy is not the same as phonological assimilation       * assimilation always applies       * allomorphs apply to specific morphemes
• morphological analysis

1. Isolate and compare word-forms (roots, prefixes, suffixes)
2. Look for contrasting meanings
3. Look for complementary forms    * Principles    * forms w/ same meaning and same sound shape in all occurrences are instances of the same morpheme      * ex: habla, hablas, hablamos      * if one sound form has two distinct meanings, treat them as 2 dif morphemes      * ex: habla = he/she speaks    * forms w same meaning but different sound shapes may be same morpheme if distributions don’t overlap      * ex: websurfed (t), downloaded (d), etc.    * not all morphemes are segmentable    * also: not all languages have the same morphological property!

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