Chapter 7 Study Guide (Questions + Correct Answers Only) Long Bone Anatomy 1. Which statement best describes the medullary cavity? The hollow region within the diaphysis. 2. Which statement best describes the diaphysis? The shaft between the two epiphyses. 3. Which statement best describes the distal epiphysis? The end of the bone farthest from the trunk. 4. Which statement best describes the epiphyses? Located at both ends of a long bone. 5. Which statement best describes the proximal epiphysis? The end of the bone closest to the trunk. ⸻ Bone Types (Shape Categories) 6. Which statement best describes a sesamoid bone? Often develop in tendons in the soles of the feet or at the knee. 7. Which statement best describes irregular bones? Many facial bones, particularly surrounding the sinuses. 8. Which statement best describes a flat bone? Primarily functions to protect internal organs. 9. Which statement best describes a short bone? Provide stability and support as well as some limited motion. 10. Which statement best describes a long bone? Functions as levers; they move when muscles contract. 34. What are the primary categories of bones of the adult skeleton? Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid 37. The femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, and humerus are considered what type? Long ⸻ Bone Marrow & Blood Cell Production 11. As a person ages, what happens to the quantity of yellow bone marrow? Yellow bone marrow increases with age. 15. Circulating blood cells are generated from what? Stem cells in bone marrow 16. What causes the familiar bone ache sensation during illness? Immune cells in bone marrow reproducing wildly. 17. Where does hematopoiesis occur? Red marrow 18. What are the two types of bone marrow? Yellow and red marrow 33. Which statement best describes bone marrow stem cells? Highly mitotic cells ⸻ Cartilage Types & Functions 12. Role of hyaline cartilage in the skeletal system? Reduces pain or damage to underlying bones. 13. Role of fibrocartilage in the skeletal system? A component of joints that can withstand heavy loads. 14. Role of elastic cartilage in the skeletal system? Found in external ears, tip of the nose, and epiglottis. 39. What substance/structure is in all types of cartilage? Protein fibers 28. What best describes perichondrium? Vascularized coverings of dense irregular connective tissue. 29. Process that results in thickening of cartilage? Appositional growth ⸻ Bone Development, Structure, and Cells 19. Embryonic and fetal skeleton formation is best described as… A combination of intramembranous and endochondral ossification. 21. Only site where bone grows longer? Epiphyseal plate 22. Embryonic cells that gather and differentiate are called what? Mesenchymal cells 23. Tissue type lining the bone’s outer surface? Dense irregular connective tissue 24. Lattice-like network of beams in spongy bone? Trabeculae 25. Structural unit of compact bone (supportive column)? Osteon 26. What best describes osteocytes? Most common bone cells and fully mature. 27. What best describes osteoblasts? Differentiated bone cells that form new bone matrix. 40. Osteogenic cells are found where? Within deep layers of periosteum and the marrow 41. Which statement best describes osteocytes (replication/differentiation)? They cannot differentiate into other cells or undergo cellular replication. 43. Which statement best describes spongy bone tissue? Composed of trabeculae and forms the inner part of bones. 44. Two tissue types that can begin bone development? Dense irregular connective tissue or hyaline cartilage. 42. Bone matrix formation changes are primarily due to what? Changes in friction, weight-bearing, or calcium needs of the body. 45. What percent of the skeleton is remodeled annually? 20% ⸻ Hormones & Calcium Balance 20. What hormone inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates calcium uptake by bones? Calcitonin 30. Which hormone increases osteoblast activity (more bone matrix)? Thyroid hormone (T4) 31. Which hormone increases absorption of Ca+ and phosphate from digestive tract? Calcitriol 46. Which gland secretes growth hormone (GH) controlling bone growth? Pituitary gland 47. Which hormone increases absorption of calcium and phosphate from digestive tract? Calcitriol 49. Normal level of calcium in the blood? 10 mg/dL 50. Which situation can cause hypocalcemia? Dietary causes or changes in hormone concentration. ⸻ Bone Health, Markings, and Disorders 32. Primary effect of sedentary lifestyle/no weight-bearing exercise on bone? Rapid loss of both collagen and mineral matrix. 35. Disorder from reduction in hyaline cartilage at joints? Osteoarthritis 36. Total number of bones in an adult skeleton? 206 38. Example of a bone marking that is an opening or a space? Auditory canal ⸻ Fracture Healing 48