2.1 PRES Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Cities: Overview
Course: URBS 110 - The City
Instructor: Dr. Beth A. Wielde
Institution: Heidelberg Urban and Regional Studies Institute, Minnesota State University, Mankato
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Emphasizes the importance of adhering to copyright laws.
What is the Byzantine Empire?
Emerged from the split of the Roman Empire in 285 CE by Emperor Diocletian.
Eastern Empire referred to as Byzantium; Western Empire as Rome.
Fall of Western Empire marked rise of the Byzantine Empire, which continued many Roman traditions.
Key Ideas
Breakup of Rome led to significant changes in urban structure.
City form elements:
Water delivery systems.
Sanitation and architectural developments (columns, domes, and support structures).
Monotheism and Christianity in the Byzantine Empire
By the 4th century CE, Christianity became central, with Emperor Constantine converting and establishing Constantinople as the capital.
Rome transitioned from polytheism to monotheism; churches became focal points in urban environments.
Jerusalem underwent significant transformation into a Christian city under Constantine, emphasizing the integration of worship spaces.
Decline of Technologies after Rome's Fall
Many technologies (e.g., aqueducts, concrete) declined post-Rome's fall in the West but were retained in the Byzantine Empire.
Aqueducts were targeted by invaders, leading to water supply challenges.
Visigoths played a role in disrupting and destroying key infrastructures like aqueducts.
Economic strain impeded maintenance capabilities of existing infrastructure.
Byzantine City Layout
Eastern Roman Empire maintained Roman urban planning (grid layout).
Byzantine military and civil structures reflected earlier Roman designs, but adapted to contemporary needs.
Byzantine Defense Mechanisms
Byzantine cities featured advanced fortifications including layered walls, moats, and guard towers.
Significant examples include Constantinople’s wall system, which was constructed around 413 CE, showcasing distinct military architecture compared to Romans.
Water Supply: Aqueducts and Cisterns
Byzantine aqueducts persisted, supplying water through underground pipes and cistern storage, vital for urban sustainability.
Cisterns designed for effective water storage were strategically located to manage supply, especially in cities with difficult terrain.
Architectural Significance of Cisterns
Representative cisterns include the Basilica Cistern and the Philoxenos Cistern, demonstrating sophisticated engineering and artistry akin to ancient structures.
Urban Infrastructure and Sanitation
Byzantines preserved advanced sanitation systems including large public sewers and private connections, contrasting with declining Western Roman practices.
Development of cesspits and public latrines supplemented sanitation efforts.
Key Urban Elements: Planning and Design
Byzantine cities showcased a revived grid system and maintained the use of the cardo and decamanus structure adapted to their needs (e.g., Mese in Constantinople).
Religious Architecture: Shift from Polytheism to Christianity
The rise of churches symbolized the Empire's religious shift, with artistic investments leading to splendid architectural designs.
A marked departure from Roman temples, Byzantine churches reflected unique styles like the cross-in-square plan.
Hagia Sophia
The most significant example of Byzantine architecture, demonstrating innovations like the ribbed dome and pendentive which facilitated dome placement on a square base.
The Hagia Sophia has survived numerous political and natural challenges since its initial construction under Justinian in 537 CE, exemplifying resilience.
Byzantine Churches: Architectural Innovations
Smaller churches emerged post-Constantine following the demand for humble places of worship, particularly as the Byzantine Empire expanded.
Interior artistry was prioritized with mosaics and frescoes, leaving modest exteriors.
Cultural Life: Beyond Religion
The Byzantine Empire preserved Roman cultural traditions, including public entertainment like chariot racing in the Hippodrome.
Nika Riots
Riots in 532 CE illustrated strong team loyalty and its political ramifications, demonstrating the overlap of sports and political allegiance in Byzantine society.
End of the Byzantine Empire
The final fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 to the Turks marked the true end of the Roman Empire's legacy.
Lasting influence of the Byzantine Empire is seen in religion, architecture, and urban planning, continuing to shape cities today.