ea rpinnae, canal. tyampnic membrane, ossciles that will conver vibration and amplify it to the fluid and then the oval window, then the cohclea, then the sala vestibuli, the scala medial, the fuckign

from the cetibuchoclea rrnerve, then the superior olviary nculei, th inerfferioe, then eth emedial gangulat, then the auditory cortex.

there is intratural intesity IIDS

IIDS is when there is an ovvercast shadow

ITDS is when the ea4rs recieve sound at different times.

all animals haveg sensory organs called recpeot cells that sense forms of eneryg called sitmuli but not their own. Receptor cells act as filters that will conver stimuli into langage for te nverous systena nd ignore other background informaiton. The infrfoamtio

so bascially receptor cells will detect timuli and send infromation to the bran. These stimuli can be light sound or touch. When sesnory receptor cells action potential informtion to the brain then the brain will be able to recognise and seperate the senses due to different nerves. So basially there are lines particular neruson for a distinct sensory experience. So one like can singal smell other sounds and otuch. there are labeled lines iwthin each sensory too. So touch cna have many labeled lines for different types of touch

so each receptor cell sends a singal on a paortcilar line htat the brain knows what sort of touch haappened.

SAGAIn so each sesnory touch smell sight htas. aline and within those sensory types they ave oteher disitnc lines to tell what ytpe of touch happened or what type of smell was it.

so the skin has the pacinian corrpuscle which is like an ontion structure and the innermost layer of the skin repsonds to vibration or pressure. again so the skin has the pacinina corpuslc ethat detects vibration snf ptrddutr in yhr innrt mody lsyrt og yhr dkin vsllrf hypofrtmid. in the hypodermis there is the panicina corpuscle. Panaician corpuscle . in the hypodermis of the skin there is the panciain corpuscle. pancian corpuicle is like an onion in th einner most hypodermis layer of the skin that twill detect pressure an dvibration.this happens when we feel a tecture against our skin, tehe nerve endings of the pancian corpuscle have gated sodium channels that open and create a receptor poteinoi. THe size is proprportional to the strenth of the sitmulus. if the receptor potential exceeds thresholda citon potenital sare genreated vial sensory nerves to the psinal cord. ae

So when we feel somehting in our skin the pianician corpyscle in the hypodermis will dtect vibrations and pressure tathat will lead ato ion gated sodium channels to open and then the sesnory nerves willa citon poteintail to the psinal cord

so what happens is that we will feel a texture on our skin and pianain corpusle will detect vibration and pressure in our skin which is in the inner layer of our skin the hypodermis and then will cause sodium ion channels to flow in and when that happen it will lead to a threhold large enough and action poteintial for afferent sesnory nerves to send infromation to the spinal cord.

the meissner’s corpuslce and the merkle disc alow us to percieve the forms of the objects we touch. The merkles disc reponds to edges and isolate points on the surface and the meissners respond to change in stimuli and allow to detect caliazaed mvoments between tehe skin and the tusrface

panaician corpusle - vibration and pressure

Merkeles disc - edges and isolated points

meisnners corpuscle - change in light touchs stimuli

Ruffinini corpuscle - stretching of the skin when we move our fingers or limbs.

PAanciain corupsle detects cibration and pressure

Merkles disk is when we deted edges and isolated ppoints

Meisnners will detec like touch

and ruffianins will deted stretches like our fingesr moving and strethcing

apanciann cibraiton and pressier

merkles disc will deted edges and isoalted

merkles will detect light touch

and ruffinis will detecth stretches

Free nerve endings detect pain heat hold

pancian corpusle will detect pressure vibraiton

merkles disc will detect the fucking edges and isolate

meisneers will detech light touch

and ruffinis will detect tstetch.

pacinian corpusle is a skin receptor that detects vibration 200 cycles per sedonc and pressure they sense texture.

eahc corpuscl esourrounds an afferent nerve dning vibraiton applied to the corpus panciina will lea dot hs tetching part of the nrual membrane allow the opening of the ion channels and permittint entry of the na2+e

the sitmulus has to be large enough to reach threhold trugger action potential and make us aware aware of the stimulus

somatosensory neruson will transmit infromtion to the brain and cns.

somatosensory nerves have receptive nerves

touch in the center of th erecetive field eill excite a bueronna nd touch in the suround will inhibit it. So touch has to be in the receptive field of th eneuron.

senatosenroy neruons revel whether the sitmulis outside orinside the body by the postion of reeceptors on the sensory sruface due to labeled lines

sensory adaption is the prefressive derece in a recptors repsonse to a susteianed sitmulus. So like ignoring our clothes touching our skin.

pancina coprusl eis for vibraiton and pressure nerve endings are for pain heat or cpld merkles disc is for edges and isolated spots meissners coruplse is for light touch and ruffinis is for stretches. phasic receptors dipslay this sort of adaptions and tonic rectirs dont dsiplay adatation in durio n of situlsi. So phasic receptors adapt and otnic receptors dont adaprtn. Tonic recpeors are pain receptors to avoidn injury.

pgasuc eceotirs adaotu abd tibuc dibt, phasic receptors adat

phasic adapts and tonic doenst

Phasic adapts and tonic doesnt

phasic adapts and tonic doesnt adapt

phasic receptors will adapt to the sitmuli and tonic will not adapt. the sesnory infroamtion will travle to the dorsal part

so it goes from the somatosesnory neruon from the skin to the dorsal root gnaglion where the body cells is isnisde the dorsal root ganglion. The axons will then enter the spinal cord thourgh the dorsall root and go into the dorsal column white matter in the dorsalhorn

the sensory neuron will enter the dorsal ganglion root where the body cell is and then it will go through the dorsal root and then ascend into the medul where the corsal column nuclei and snapses happens there and then those neuron wil enter the thalamus and snapse there adn then the thalamus recieves infriomtion of the opposite side of the body and then go into the somatory cortex and snapses also happens there. b’

phasic is adaptation and tonic doenst. go into the dorsal root gnagliko th e dorsal thorn then the white mater then the medulla the the dorsal colum nuclei then the thalamus then the cortex.

phasic adaptiton then the tonic isnt adaptation.

axons in the medulla cros the midline. medulle axons cross the midling and then snapse onto the dorsal colum neuclei.

so the thalamus will sne dinfromation to the somatosenwory cortext one that is in the psot central grys of the parietal lobe. The pimary will receive infromtion of the oppsde side of the body. the infromtion is passed onto the non primary sesnory areas like the secondar . the neruons in s1 are organized into like a map called sensory homunculus.

again so the thalamus will send information to the primary sensory cortex where the infromationthat it gest is information from the opposite. THis cortext is in the pariteal lob e int he central gurys and there is a map called the sensory homunluc

sensory homoculus maps ahaveg plasticity to where if osmeone looses their arm the other arm will have more areas and the one lost will have a smaller area.

to detect damanged cells or paini, when a tissue is injured the afected cells will release chemicals and activate pain receptors called nocicpetors they have free nerge endints to detect damangte and the hemicals cause infrlimation. So cell is damanged chemicals are realaed and norreceptirors are activate which haveg free nerve ending and the chemcials cause infromatiaotn.

SO the damaged cell will release chemcials and exite the free nerve ending sof ht enocicpetors and action protneital is generated in th periphery can excite blood vessels and mass cells to produce inflamationinformtion then endters the dorsal root and snapse on int thd dorsa horn pain fibers will release glumatate as a tansmitter and substance P as aneuromodulator in the spinalc ord, the dorsal horn cells then send infro to the medula corss the midlin and into the htlamus.

Again, sooo cells will become damanged and release K+ seratonin and other chemicals which will enter the nerve endings of the fucking nocipetor where it will cause actionpornetial to ecxcite blood vessels and mass cells to produce inflimation, mass cells will then release histmain and chlorquin ,

damaged cells will realse potassiym and sertorone and the nerve endings of nocicpetors will detec this and actio [oteint int their axons . the singals of the nociceptors will go to the axon up the psinal cord and the other wone will go into the mass cells and the bloove vessles to amplify inflamtion and release swilling and renedd. actional proitneial reaces the dorsal ganglion and then the dorsal horn where snapses happens in the dorsl horn and gluamate and substance P is released, then the the nruons will across the midline and into the thalmaus.

damaged cells will relase potassium and seratonin nerve endings of nocicpetors will catch it and then send three singal one to mass cells forn imlamtion, one to blood vessels, one to the center where there is

nocicpetors - peripheral receptors on free endings reposnd to painful stimuli, TRVP 1 works with C fibers and is unmeytlated and slow

TRPM3 woks with mylentated delta a fibers. f

TRP1 will report a rise in termpature, TRPM3 will reprort higher tempatures. They are found on delta A large myleinated axons and the action potneitals will reach the spinal cord fast. TRPM 3 repsond to hgiher termpatures and delta a and fast. and mylinated. TRPM1 is for lower temprautre, unmylinated and C. C fibers a thin.

TRPM 1 are thin and they are also unmyelainted and c fibers and low termpature.

Nerve fibers will carry infromation about the pain and temprature and send axons to the dorsal horns of the spinal cord where they arqe going to snapse onto psinal neurosn that project across the mdinline to the oppside side and then to the thalamus and form anterloaterla systme. Each hemispher recieve its inputs from the ocntralter side ofc the boyd within the spanl cord arriving pain fivres release the exitatory trnamiter glumaate along wit peptide P that will boos tpain singals and remodle spain pathway. Subatan P will boost P

so pain finroaiton is carred by rapidly ocnduction myleniated a deltain fibers and slowly by the c fibers. the axons in the doral nruons cross the midlin of the mudle and ascent the fpisnal cord in the anterloateral quadran. Pian information is provided to various brainstem sitea dn control pian relation behaviors such as vocalization. Pianformtion is distrucbuted to many thalmis cortical area, cingulat cortex is espeically activated by ainf romation.

TRMP 1 is for lower temperauter which is assocated with C fibers and the TRMP 3 is assocated with A fibers. So the fibers go into the dorsal ganglion and then the dorsal horn where it will release glumate and P. crosses the midline to the antralaterla quadran then to the thalamic cortical area.

Gate control theory is the thoery says that pain depends on the gates that allow for pain to follow through the signal.

gate control theory the gate theory says mechanoreceptors moleudlat epain recroptos. Mechanorecptors moduelate painr repsosnes.

analegsia - the absesne of or reductionin pain, so gat theory is that the gats will be closed by mechanoreceptors. mechanorecpeotrs are the ones that will close the gates. Analagesia is tha absense of or redction in pain and optiods and enogenous opiods like endopines will bind to specirfifc rece44ptors in the brian to reduce pain

motor control - the brainstem passes commans from the cortex to the spinal c

SO it goes from the pimary motor cortex that reeive infromation from other cortical areas and sends commans to the thalamus and brainstem.

OR

motor neuson of the spinal cord and the brain send action potne ital down thei exons to innervate muscles. So motor neurson of the psinal cord and brainstem send signals to the exons of the musccles. At the neuromuscl junciton the neurotramistter acetylcholin is released, and the motoe neuronso are the finall common path through which the brain and spinal cord controls the muscles.

muscle contract because motor neurson of the spinal cord and the brain stem send their action poteins along thei axon and th4e axons will syanpse ad the nruomuscle juntions found at the muscl fibers and this is where neuromusclar junctions are found and then release acetyl colin. exah axon will split into several collaterals and innervates a sperate muscle fiber within the muscle. larger muscls need more anzons or neurosn. Face needs more smaller motor nunits because its more precise control. all motor axons are myleinated . the muscle psinndle is a cpaulated burrined in other muscle fibers that repond to stertch and contain intrafusal fibers.

to produce rapid coordainatd muscle the brain and spinal cord contruall monitor the state of the muscl. motors that collect the infromation aout body movments and psotions is called propriceptin. propricoeptin will collect inomation about body movments and psotiosn. There are two propriceotrs muscle pisnlds and golgi tendor organs that wil monitor muscl legnth and tension.

propicptors collect information about the body and there are two the muscle spindles and the goligli tendon organs. Muscle spoinds repond to stretch and contrina sintrafusal fiberes and are capsuled burring in the muscle fibers

Muscl psindles are a type of proprceptorve that is capulsated and burring into the mscle fibers and they repsond to stretchs and have intrafusal fibers. when a stretch happens the spindle muscle fibers become ectied and trigger action ptotinetial in sensory nerves. Tis will singal the psna cod and brain about the extenet and rate of change in the legnth of the muscle. muslc epsindles will send neurotransmitters to the CNS when it stretches. The other propriceptive is golig tendon organs that are senstive to the tension of the msucle as it shortens. Goli tendon organs are senstive to muscl tension. golgi tendonds will dtect overflads thretne to tear muscle and tendons and cuase reflective relatction of the affected muscldse.

when the muscle irelaxed ther is no action poteintial from either propriceptin muscle spindle or the golig tendon organ. when it is extended both action ptoiential are fited up, then the muscle is contracted just the golig tendor organ is fired up.

althouth muscle of the heasd are control direclty by the brain the muscles of the o the ret of the body are dcotrol from the brain through two major pathways t

the pyramidal system and the extrapyramidal . The pryamidal consits of neural cello voeies within the fron cortex and thei axons, it will cpass thorugh the brains tem forming ap ryamidal tract to the spinal cord.
So from the cortext, brainstem, to the spinal cord.

the right cortex control the left body and vis versa. axons from the pyramidal tract fcome from the primar motor contrext of the precentr gyrus and antierior to the centrsulcus.

the pimary motor cortext M1 is the source ofht epryraid tract. it is in the precentral gyrus. m1 oranzied as a map of the contrlateral side of the body. Some elctircal sitmulation of a discrete rion of the left will move the right side of the boyd.

aniteoir to the pimary motor cortex that has the map of holouc. There is the nonprimar motor cortrext that contributes to behavior. the main regions are the supplemtary motor area. and the premotor cortex. so the motor cortex preimary is assiated iwtht precentral grys. And then infront of it is the nonprimary moto cortext tat has two regions it has the sumpplemary motor cortex and premotor cortex4t. The supplmamty is important for ination of movemnts squences and premotor cortex guids motor sequence in reponse to external events cues.

promimary then the nonprimary that has the sumplimary and premotor . the supplamemnty intates the sequence movgemnts and the premotor cortext guids the sequence in repsonse to external events.

the supplmamnety will intation seuqence of movemnts and the premotor cortex will guide movmens that the supplamentryi intationed. Mort cortex damange will cause plegia or paresis of voluntray movments. Damage to non motor reziones produce change in motor contrl like apraxis. apraxia is issues in change in motor control.

miroor neuons are the same nruons fireing before making amovment as when observing another indial making the same movemnts. f5 premoto cortex contona cells caled miroor neurons that fire becofe makign movement when obsing someone making the same movemnts. aparxia

f5 neuons are mirrorn neurns that fire before moving to

extrapyramdiel motor system - have axon pathways outside the pruamid in the medulla. they has to the psinal cor through midrain and brain stem, damage doesnt prevent movement but interfere with psinalr eflex.

the basial galgia help control tit amplitudes and directio of mvmoent, intates movment, movment preform by memory rather sensory contrls.

the cerbellum recieves inputs from sensory source and other brain sstem.