Summer Olympics: Exam 2

Tokyo (Japan)
- Round 1 votes: 42
- Runoff votes: N/A
- Round 2 votes: 60
Istanbul (Turkey)
- Round 1 votes: 26
- Runoff votes: 49
- Round 2 votes: 36
Madrid (Spain)
- Round 1 votes: 26
- Runoff votes: 45
- Round 2 votes: N/A

Bid Process Phases:
- First stage involves national bidding (e.g., US Olympic Committee - USOC)
- Transition to global competition
Increasing global prestige and investment opportunities
Urban renewal as an enticing factor
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) consists of over 100 members
Cost of Bidding:
- Historical data suggest that costs have escalated significantly:
- 1996 total costs exceeded $100 million
- Current bids could reach up to $50 million per city
Scandals have emerged around the IOC, impacting reputations and trust.

Competing Cities:
- Paris, France
- London, UK
- Madrid, Spain
- New York City, USA
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Moscow, Russia
- Leipzig, Germany
- Istanbul, Turkey
Betting Odds for Cities:
- London: 3/1 (favorite)
- Paris: 4/1
- New York: 8/1
- Others with varying odds (Istanbul at 100/1, for example).
Decision process took place in a secret ballot on July 6, 2005, in Singapore.

Boston was named the U.S. bid city in January 2015.
IOC Decision timeline:
- In September 2017, Boston withdrew from the race.
- Los Angeles was contacted by the USOC to replace Boston.
- In January 2016, California voted “yes” to the bid.
- Paris was the only other city remaining in competition after others withdrew.

New collaborative ongoing process introduced:
- Interested cities can engage in this process.
- Benefits: Lower bidding costs.
- Potential drawbacks: Fewer locations may be evaluated and questions of bias.
- Concerns about bribery and scandals persist.
Brisbane was selected to host the 2032 Summer Games in July 2021.

Table 1: Estimated Costs (in US dollars):
- Barcelona 1992: >$9.69 billion
- Atlanta 1996: ~$4.14 billion
- Sydney 2000: ~$5.03 billion
- Athens 2004: ~$9.7 billion
- Beijing 2008: >$36 billion
- London 2012: $14 billion
- Rio de Janeiro 2016: $4.58 billion

Significant variances between initial budgets and final costs:
- Rio de Janeiro 2016: Overruns of 266%
- Sochi 2014: 51% overruns
- London 2012: 76% overruns
- Tokyo 2020: Estimated cost of $15.4 billion.
Percentages of cost overruns highlight financial planning challenges for hosting cities.

Bid Initiation: 1990
Funding Structure:
- Total costs ~ $1.8 billion comprised of:
- Contributions from the private sector,
- Revenue from television rights,
- Ticket sales,
- Taxpayer support.

Projected economic impact: $4-5 billion
Job creation estimate: ~80,000 new jobs, both temporary and permanent
Expected influx of 800,000+ visitors, with 16,500 athletes participating.

Potential for creating non-utilized structures (White Elephants).
Considerations included:
- Accessibility for ATM/currency exchanges,
- Facility management for food and garbage,
- Security protocols and transportation logistics,
- Accommodation for athletes and spectators.

Sponsorship value estimated at $80+ million, tied to rights to use Olympic emblems on products.
Key sponsors include:
- Coca-Cola
- Budweiser
- Bank of America
The IOC promotes an economic model to enhance sponsorships but faces challenges related to labor practices.

Reports of labor practices including forced overtime and unsafe working conditions raised ethical concerns.
Activist movements highlighting exploitation of workers, pushing for fair pay in clothing manufacturing.
Notable protests around labor rights (e.g., Athens)

Map Overview: Summary of bids per country, both summer and winter Olympics.
Distribution data highlights trends in locations that have successfully hosted previous Games.

Key takeaways from bidding processes include emphasizing the significance of logistics, international politics, and community support as influential factors.
The history of urban planning in context and the long-term impacts of hosting the Games warrant close scrutiny, particularly related to social obligations and legacy management.