Unit I-IV Quick Reference (Respiratory to Ecosystem)

UNIT I: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

  • The Respiratory System

    • Main roles: external respiration (air exchange with environment) and internal respiration (gas exchange at cells)
    • Major organs: Nose, Pharynx (Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx), Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Diaphragm
    • Nose functions: warms air, filters with cilia, paranasal sinuses
    • Epiglottis: prevents food from entering the larynx during swallowing; Heimlich maneuver for choking
    • Air path: Nose → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli
    • Lungs: right/left lobes; covered by parietal and visceral pleura; pleural cavity between
    • Gas exchange: occurs in alveoli with lung capillaries
    • Movement: diaphragm and rib cage drive inhalation/exhalation
    • Pharynx sections: Nasopharynx (immune defense), Oropharynx (palatine tonsils), Laryngopharynx (divides to esophagus and larynx)
    • Larynx: voice box; pitch determined by size/thickness
    • Trachea: windpipe; divides into right/left bronchi in the mediastinum
    • Internal respiration: air to bronchioles → alveoli → capillaries; O2 to cells; CO2 removal

  • The Circulatory System

    • Functions: transports oxygen, glucose, nutrients; removes CO2 and wastes; temperature regulation; defense (white cells/antibodies); clotting
    • Heart anatomy: four chambers – right/left atria (top), right/left ventricles (bottom); septum divides left/right sides
    • Valves: atrioventricular (tricuspid, mitral/bicuspid) prevent backflow; semilunar valves prevent backflow into ventricles
    • Stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO):
      CO=SV×HR\text{CO} = \text{SV} \times \text{HR}
    • Heart rate: resting ~ $$70!-\