Anatomy and Physiology Overview

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Instructions and Course Structure
- Delivered by Mr. Siew and Mr. Ramgattie
- Learning Methods: Lectures and Video Presentations
- Assessments include online quizzes and a final exam.
- Recommended Textbooks:
- Functional Anatomy & Physiology of Domestic Animals by Reece
- Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals by Frandson & Wilke
Understanding Anatomy and Physiology
- Introduction: The subject can be complex due to the depth of information.
- Anatomy
- Refers to the structure of body parts (can be gross or microscopic).
- Derived from the Greek term meaning "to cut apart."
- Physiology
- The study of bodily functions and how the body works.
Subdivisions of Anatomy
- Gross Anatomy: Structures visible to the naked eye (e.g., organs).
- Comparative Anatomy: Analyzes anatomical structures across different species.
- Embryology: Development of anatomy from fertilization to birth.
- Histology: Microscopic study of tissues.
- Ultrastructural Cytology: Study of cellular components using electron microscopy.
Subdivisions of Physiology
- Neurophysiology: Nervous system functions.
- Gastrointestinal Physiology: Functions of the digestive system.
- Cardiovascular Physiology: Heart and blood vessel functions.
- Respiratory Physiology: Breathing and gas exchange.
- Endocrinology: Hormonal functions.
- Reproductive Physiology: Reproductive system functions.
- Urinary Physiology: Functions of the urinary system.
- Applied Physiology: Practical applications of physiological knowledge.
- Pathophysiology: Abnormal physiological processes.
Directional Terms and Body Planes
- Directional terms help describe the positioning of body parts relative to each other.
- Median Plane: Divides body into equal left and right halves.
- Sagittal Plane: Vertical divisions; midsagittal splits evenly, parasagittal unevenly.
- Transverse Plane: Horizontal; divides into cranial (top) and caudal (bottom) parts.
- Frontal Plane: Divides body into ventral (front) and dorsal (back) parts.
Common Directional Terms
- Superior: Above.
- Inferior: Below.
- Anterior: Front.
- Posterior: Back.
- Medial: Toward midline.
- Lateral: Away from midline.
- Ipsilateral: Same side.
- Contralateral: Opposite side.
- Proximal: Closer to the body’s center.
- Distal: Farther from the body’s center.
- Superficial: Near the surface.
- Deep: Far from the surface.
Types of Tissue in Animals
- Tissues: Groups of specialized cells with similar structures and functions.
- Types of Tissues:
- Epithelial: Covers surfaces and lines cavities, secretes and absorbs.
- Connective: Supports, binds other tissues, and holds organs in place.
- Nervous Tissue: Transmits impulses for communication.
- Muscle Tissue: Facilitates movement.
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics
- Composed of tightly packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix.
- Avascular (lacks blood vessels) and derives nutrients from connective tissue below.
- Regenerates quickly in response to injury.
- Classified by layers and cell shapes:
- Simple (one layer) vs. Stratified (multiple layers).
- Shapes: Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (cube-shaped), Columnar (tall).
- Specialized forms: Pseudostratified, Transitional (for stretching).
Connective Tissue Functions
- Connects, supports, binds other tissues, and stores fat.
- Composed of cells in a matrix that includes fibers and ground substance.
- Types include: Looser types, Dense types, Specialized types like cartilage, bone, and blood.
Body Cavities
- Dorsal Cavity: Contains brain (cranial) and spinal cord (vertebral).
- Ventral Cavity: Thoracic (contains heart and lungs) and abdominopelvic cavities.
- Organs in the thoracic cavity are protected by pleura, while abdominal organs are covered by peritoneum, which wraps around them as they develop.
Review
- Identify types of epithelial tissue by function and location (e.g., simple columnar in intestines, transitional in urinary bladder).
- Recognize structures within body cavities and regions of the body's anatomy for assessment and practical applications.