pols islam final 2
key terms
Islam
• the name of the religion
Muslim
• the person who follows the Faith
Allah
- the primary way of referring to God
Mosque
-house of,prayers and other related services
Din
-religion
shariah
-islamic law (the high path)
The five pillars of Islam
Shanadah
-proclamation of the faith (there is no God but prophet
Allan and Mohammad is nis
Salat
- daily prayer, five times a day facing Mecca
Sawn
-fasting from sunrise to sunset for 30 days Zakat
-Alms giving the annual distribution during the month of Ramadan.
(about 2%) to the needy
hajj
-pilgrimage to mecca during the should,at least once in his/her life.
month of hajj, all physically and financially capable
Hadith
-prophet monammad'S sayings
Sunna
-tradition, deeds of the prophet.niyyah
• intention, what you do as a musiim you have to mean it
jahiliyya
• the term for the society ignorance
of pre-islamic Arabia. Also known as the age of
Ayah
-sign" or "indication" a verse in the Quran
fitnah
-means testing! trial, conflict.
hijab
-a head covering worn in public by muslim women
Hijrah
-the prophet muhammad’s migration from mecca to medina, in order to escape
prediction
kafir
-a non believer, a non muslim
mahr
-a gift from a husband to be to of respect for the bride.
his soon to be wife. the right of the wife. a mark
mu’min
-the “second” level of growth for every muslim. the one who’s belief has
penetrated the heart a deeper spiritual level. someone who is always more aware of Allah
at much
The munafiq
a person who in public and in community shows that he is a Muslim but rejects
Islam or speaks against it either in his heart or among the enemies of Islam.
hypocrisy itself is called nifāq
mutah
a temporary marriage
sunnah
tradition
surah
means chapters in the quran
&tafsir
commentary of the quran
ummah
the community of muslims
key people
Umm salaam
One of Mohammad wifives, the most outspoken, she converted widow
Islam. She wasa
Abu Bakr
An adviser to the prophet Muhammad. Aisha, Muhammads favorite wife.
He was also the first caliph, and father to
aisha
Muhammad third and youngest wife, believed to be muhammad’s favorite.
ali ibn
Cousin and son in law to Muhammad, married to fatima, muhammad’s daughter.
was the fourth caliph.
fatima
Muhammad's daughter, married to ali
hind
A historical figure from Mecca known for her opposition to Islam before
eventually converting after the conquest of Mecca.
kaaba
A sacred cube-shaped structure located Islam. Muslims face the Kaaba during prayers.
in Mecca, considered the holiest site in
khadija
The first wife of Prophet Muhammad and the first person to convert to Islam.
Mecca
The holiest city in Islam, the birthplace of Prophet Muhammad, the Kaaba. It is the destination for the Islamic pilgrimage (Hajj).
and the site of
Medina
The second holiest city in Islam, where Prophet persecution in Mecca. It is also where he is buried.
Muhammad migrated after facing
Ramadan:
of The ninth month the Islamic lunar calendar, observed a month of fasting, prayer, reflection, and community.
by Muslims worldwide asUmar
The second caliph in Islamic history, known for expanding the Islamic empire and
establishing a well-organized government. first muslim to openly pray at kaaba.
had very conservative notions on women’s place in society.
Umayyad
The first Islamic dynasty empire from Damascus.
(661-750 CE) following the Rashidun caliphs, ruling a vast
Uthman
The third caliph, known for compiling the official text of the Qur'an. His
assassination led to significant political turmoil.
Qur’an:
The holy book of Islam, believed to be the word of God as revealed to Prophet
Muhammad.
Quraysh:
A powerful and influential tribe in Mecca, to which Prophet Muhammad belonged.
Initially, they opposed Islam before converting after the conquest of Mecca.
ideas we need to know
Overview of the Three Abrahamic Religions
-The three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—trace
their origins to the patriarch Abrahamand his descendants.
-judaism and christianity trace their lineage to isaac the son of abraham and
sarah
-islam traces their lshmael, the son of abraham and hagar
jesus in the quran
-muslims believe that Jesus is not the son of God, he is believed to be A prophet
born in the immaculate conception. to mary “maryam”
original sin in islam
Islam does not have a concept of original sin Muslims without sin. Original sin is the responsibility of adam and that sin by living the mortal life.
believe that eve. they humans are born
had to pay for
in islam men weren’t created first they were created at the same time as women
dates to know
when did islam start - in 610 CE
when did muhammad die - june 6 632 CE, died in medina.
when did hijrah start - june 21 622 ce
sunnites vs shi’ites
Sunnites
(90% of Muslims today): The Caliph should be elected from believe abu bakr was the first first caliph
the Quraysh tribe. sunnites
Shi’ites
(10% of Muslims today): Caliph (or Imam) should be hereditary, following Ali’s lineage.
sunnites believe mutah ( temporary marriage) is believed to be forbidden
shhi’tes believe mutah (temporary marriage) is allowed.
Polygyny: When a man is married to multiple women
Polyandry: When a woman is married to multiple men
of c. 570 C.E. - Mohammad was born to the Hashimi clan 610 C.E. - Revelations and the origin of Islam in Mecca
622 C.E. - Hijrah (emigration) to Medina, July 16-September Islamic
the Quraysh tribe in Mecca
24; establishment of an
Community (umma) in Medina
632 C.E. - Death of the Prophet
632-661 - The Age of the Rightly Guided Caliphs/Khalifas (successors)
Abu Bakr (632-634); Umar (634-644); Uthman (644-656); Ali (656-661)
Five Pillars of Islam (Arkan al-Islam):
1. Shahadah: Proclamation of the faith: “There is no God but his Prophet”
2. Salat: Daily prayers, five Allah, and Mohammad is
times a day facing Mecca
3. Sawm: Fasting from sun rise to sun set for 30 days during the month of Ramadan
4. Zakat: Almsgiving, the annual distribution of wealth (about 2%) to the needy
5. Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Hajj; all physically and financially
capable should,
at least one in his/her lifetime
wahy - revelation
quran banned practice of burying baby girls - allah granted females a right to life
marriage and two witness.
women are equal to one man according to muslim interrupters on witness laws
pPatrilocal: Couple lives with or near the husband’s family (common in patriarchal,
patrilineal societies).
Matrilocal: Couple lives with or near societies).
the wife’s family (common in matrilineal
Patrilineal: Lineage and inheritance are traced through the father’s line. and identity pass from fathers to sons.
Matrilineal: Lineage and inheritance are traced through the mother’s and identity pass from mothers daughters.
Property
line. Property
to Patriarchal: Power and authority are primarily held by men, and social, political, and
economic roles are dominated by males. Often linked to patrilineal inheritance.
Matriarchal: Power and authority are primarily held by women, with family lineage
and inheritance passing through the female line. Women often lead in key social roles.
Feminism: A belief system that opposes the subjugation of women and seeks to address systems of oppression that limit women's rights and opportunities. It does not necessarily call for complete gender equality in all aspects of society, but focuses on challenging inequality and discrimination.
Imperialism: The practice of domination and control over a nation or territory by a foreign power, often for economic, political, or strategic gain. Imperialism can take the form of direct or indirect rule, with the imperial power exerting influence over local governments, economies, or societies.
Western Imperialism: A form of imperialism, often carried out by European and later Western powers (like the U.S.). It involved the domination and control of non-Western regions through political, economic, or military means, often justified by the belief in Western superiority.
Orientalism: Western perception of Eastern societies in ways that often stereotype them as irrational, and in need of Western intervention or "civilization."
Islamic practices, laws, and social structures were often portrayed in a negative light, which shaped Western perceptions of Islam as "barbaric", justifying Western domination and “civilizing missions” in Muslim countries.
Colonialism: A direct form of imperialism where a foreign power establishes control over a territory, often involving settlement, exploitation of resources, and subjugation of the local population. It typically included the establishment of permanent settlements and the imposition of the colonizer’s political and cultural systems.
Example: The U.S. invasion in Afghanistan did not constitute direct rule by the United States. Rather, it involved a form of influence and control, particularly through military presence and political intervention. While the U.S. exercised considerable power, it did not establish a formal colonial structure or direct governance in the traditional sense.
Zainab al-Ghazali: Known for advocating women’s rights within Islam; she played a role in mobilizing women for political and social change while challenging secularism and Western influence, promoting an interpretation of Islam that empowered women while preserving traditional values.
Abbasids (750–1258 CE):
Overthrew the Umayyads and established their capital in Baghdad.
Marked the Islamic Golden Age with advances in science, medicine, philosophy, and art.
The Mongol invasion in 1258 led to their decline.
Ottomans (1299–1922 CE):
A powerful Islamic empire centered in Anatolia, with its peak under Suleiman the Magnificent.
Known for administrative reforms, architectural achievements (e.g., Hagia Sophia as a mosque), and a diverse, multiethnic population.
Ended after World War I, leading to the formation of modern Turkey.
Safavids (1501–1736 CE):
Based in Persia (modern-day Iran), they established Shi'a Islam as the state religion.
Known for their cultural achievements in art, architecture, and trade.
Capital: Isfahan, which became a cultural hub.
Mughals (1526–1857 CE):
Ruled much of the Indian subcontinent.
Known for their architectural masterpieces like the Taj Mahal and fostering a blend of Persian, Indian, and Islamic cultures.
Declined under British colonial influence.
The Cold War (1947–1991):
A geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Characterized by ideological conflict (capitalism vs. communism), proxy wars, nuclear arms race, and space competition.
Ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938):
The founder of modern Turkey.
Implemented extensive secular and modernization reforms, including changing the alphabet, promoting education, and separating religion from state.
Known as a revolutionary nationalist leader.
Ayatollah Khomeini (1902–1989):
The leader of the Iranian Revolution in 1979.
Overthrew the Shah and established the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Advocated for a theocratic system based on Shi'a Islam.