ENGG104 Lecture 1 (solutions)

Page 1: Course Overview

• Course Title: ENGG104 Electrical Systems Introductory Circuit Analysis

• Textbook: Boylestad, 12th Edition

• Instructor: Nidhal Abdulaziz

• Lecture Number: 1

Page 2: Introduction to Electrical Systems

• Importance of Circuit Theory: Understanding circuit theory is crucial for various applications.

• Applications: Widely applicable in many fields.

• Concepts & Methodologies: Range from simple to complex concepts.

Page 3: Historical Development

• Timeline of key milestones in electrical systems:

  • 1000-1600: Early foundations

  • 1750s-1900: Development of key technologies and components such as the vacuum tube.

  • 1945-2000: Advancements including the Pentium 4 chip and mobile technologies such as iPhones and GPS.

Page 4: Key Figures in Electrical Science

• Notable scientists include:

  • Coulomb: Known for Coulomb's law which describes the electrostatic force.

  • Volta: Inventor of the voltaic pile, the first chemical battery.

  • Ampere: Contributed to the study of electromagnetism.

  • Ohm: Known for Ohm’s law related to current flow and resistance.

Page 5: Electric Circuit Fundamentals

• Basic Concepts:

  • Electric Charge: Fundamental property of matter.

  • Current and Voltage: Essential for understanding circuits.

  • Voltage Sources: Create potential difference.

  • Resistance and Conductance: Determine flow of current.

  • Ohm’s Law: Foundation of circuit analysis.

Page 6: Atomic Structure

• Structure of an Atom:

  • Composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

  • Example shown with hydrogen and helium atoms.

Page 7: Copper Atom Structure

• Copper Atom: 29 protons and neutrons; electron distribution across shells detailed.

Page 8: Electric Charge

• Atomic Structure:

  • Nucleus with protons (positive) and electrons (negative) surrounding.

• Electric Charge Measurement:

  • Measured in Coulombs; 1 Coulomb corresponds to 6.242 x 10^18 electrons.

Page 9: Voltage Definition

• Voltage is created by separating charges creating regions of net positive and negative charge.

Page 10: Mechanism of Voltage Creation

• Voltage sources separate positive and negative charges to establish potential differences.

Page 11: Voltage Measurement

• Potential Difference: 1 Volt is when 1 Joule of energy moves 1 Coulomb of charge.

Page 12: Understanding Voltage

• Examples illustrating potential differences between charge carriers.

Page 13: Potential Difference Explained

• Potential is determined by position related to electric charge; examples given.

Page 14: Voltage and Energy

• Comparison of energy delivered by batteries of different voltages.

Page 15: Electric Current

• Conductor Exploration: Movement of electrons in conductors when an external force (like a battery) is applied.

Page 16: Current Flow

• Random motion of free electrons until directed by voltage.

Page 17: Direction of Current Flow

• Current flows from positive to negative, opposed to electron flow direction.

Page 18: Circuit Mechanisms

• The applied voltage causes current flow as a reaction to create an electric circuit.

Page 19: Current Definition and Measurement

• Electric Current: Measured in Amperes (A), representing charge flow over time.

Page 20: Current Calculation Examples

• Examples illustrating calculation of current in practical scenarios.

Page 21: DC Voltage Sources

• Direct Current Sources: Provide constant voltage and include batteries and generators.

Page 22: Types of DC Sources

• Identifies three main types: batteries, generators, and power supplies.

Page 23: Types of Batteries

• Primary and Secondary Cells: Differentiation explained with examples of types available in each.

Page 24: Non-rechargeable Batteries

• Example included: structure of an alkaline primary cell detailed.

Page 25: Rechargeable Battery Types

• Structure and components of a lead-acid rechargeable battery detailed.

Page 26: Battery Capacity Measurement

• Explanation on capacity measured in Ampere-hours and how it relates to voltage and current.

Page 27: Solar Power as a Source

• Overview of solar cells and examples of installation and operation.

Page 28: DC Generator Overview

• Differences between generators and batteries, emphasizing voltage and power production.

Page 29: Diagram of a DC Generator

• Illustration showing essential components of a DC generator.

Page 30: Conductors vs Insulators

• Different Properties: Discusses how various materials allow different levels of current flow based on properties.

Page 31: Relative Conductivity of Metals

• Table showing conductivity percentages of various metals.

Page 32: Insulators

• Overview of types of insulators and specific applications detailed.

Page 33: Breakdown Strength of Common Insulators

• Table listing average breakdown strengths of insulating materials.

Page 34: Introduction to Semiconductors

• Characteristics of semiconductors that lie between conductors and insulators.

Page 35: Understanding Resistance

• Definition of resistance; unit of measurement and its crucial role in current flow.

Page 36: Resistance Factors in Conductors

• Factors affecting resistance of wires discussed: length, temperature, cross-sectional area, and material.

Page 37: Resistance Calculation

• Formula provided for calculating resistance in conductors based on multiple factors.

Page 38: Example Problem on Resistance

• Problem example calculating resistance for a specific length of copper wire.

Page 39: Resistance Calculation Exercise

• Challenges presented using silicon and rubber resistivity, tying back to previous calculations.

Page 40: Standard Resistors

• Definition and common usage of resistors in circuits, including materials used.

Page 41: Power Ratings of Resistors

• Key parameter in resistors: power rating, which indicates maximum power without damage.

Page 42: Resistor Color Coding

• Explanation of how resistor values are coded with color bands.

Page 43: Standard Values of Resistors

• Discussion on commonly available resistor values and their arrangement.

Page 44: Continued Standard Resistor Values

• Further explanation on how standard values are structured to simplify matching resistors.

Page 45: Conductance Understanding

• Conductance: Defined as the inverse of resistance; how well materials conduct electricity.

Page 46: Conductance Measurement

• Equation for determining conductance given material properties established.

Page 47: Metering Instruments

• Importance of ammeters and voltmeters in measuring electrical system performance and issues.

Page 48: Voltmeter Connection Example

• Demonstration of voltmeter connection for measuring voltage.

Page 49: Ammeter Connection Example

• Demonstration of ammeter connection for determining current.

Page 50: Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter Diagram

• Visual representation of a VOM meter used in common measurements.

Page 51: Digital Multimeter Explanation

• Description of a digital multimeter and its key features.

Page 52: Ohm's Law Overview

• Explanation of how voltage influences current through resistors.

Page 53: Ohm’s Law Formula

• Ohm's Law connected voltage, resistance, and current mathematically.

Page 54: Application of Ohm's Law

• Example problem calculating current with given voltage and resistance values.

Page 55: Circuit Types: Open and Short

• Explanation of open circuits and short circuits with schematic examples.

Page 56: Open Circuit Defined

• Clarification of what constitutes an open circuit and its implications for current flow.

Page 57: Lecture Summary

• Key concepts summarized:

  • Electric charge and potential difference relationship (V = W/Q).

  • Role of voltage in creating current when a circuit is closed (I = Q/t).

  • The significance of resistance (V = IR) in controlling current flow.