AP World Guide: Unit 3- Land Based Empires

Important Events

  • 1453 The Ottoman Empire conquers Constantinople

  • 1521 Pope Leo X excommunicates German religious reformer Martin Luther

  • 1547 Ivan IV of Russia (Ivan the Terrible)n becomes Tsar

  • 1556 Akbar begins his successful rule in the Mughal Empire

  • 1603 James I, advocate for Divine Rights of Monarchs, takes the English throne

  • 1643 Louis XIV of France takes power

  • 1644 Manchus invade China & establish the Qing Dynasty

  • 1722 Afghan forces rebel, weakening Safavid Empire

3.1 European, East Asian & Gunpowder Empires Expand

  • How did certain land based empires develop & expand in the period 1450-1750?

Political

  • Ming Dynasty (1368) Succeeded Yuan Dynasty (Mongols), expanded China, maintained stability & trade

  • Manchu- 1644, seized power from Ming (from Manchuria)

  • Qing Dynasty- Ruled until 1911, succeeded Ming

  • Emperor Kangxi- one of China’s longest reigning emperors, presided over period of stability & expansion during Qing dynasty

  • Emperor Qianlong- Qing dynasty, a poet knowledgeable in art, initiated military campaigns (annexation of Xianglong)

  • Gunpowder empires- Large, multiethnic states in southwest, central & south Asia that relied on firearms to conquer & control

  • Ottoman Empire- Largest & most enduring of the great Islamic empires of this period

  • Shah- King or emperor

  • Safavid Empire- Origin in Safavid, order of sufi muslims, established in Iran, didn’t have a navy & lacked natural defenses but rose due to land based military might & strong leadership

  • Mughal Empire- Richest & best governed state in the world (present day India)

  • Ivan IV (Russia)- Ivan the Terrible, expanded Russian borders east

  • Tamerlane- Timur the Lame, Mongol-Turkic ruler (late 14th century)

  • Suleiman- Ottoman empire reached peak under Suleiman

  • Ismail- Shah of Iraq, Safavid military hero who conquered most of Persia & into Iraq at the age of 14

  • Shah Abbas I- Safavid empire- aka Abbas the Great, presided over Safavid at its height & built a power base supporting his rule & denying legitimacy to sunni muslims (pro shia)

  • Akbar- The Mughal empire under him was one of the richest & best governed states

Technology

  • Gutenberg Printing Press- Led to increase in literacy

Society

  • Ghazi Ideal- A model for warrior life that blended cooperative values of nomadic culture with willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam

  • Castes- Strict social groupings designated at birth

3.2 Empires: Administrations 1450-1700

  • How did rulers in land based empires legitimize & consolidate power?

Political

  • Divine Right of Kings- the right to rule was given to a king by God

  • Justice of the Peace- Officials selected to maintain legal matters in the counties of England & carry out the monarch’s laws

  • English Bill of Rights- Assured individual civil liberties

  • Absolute- Government directed by one source of power

  • Cardinal Richelieu- Minister for Louis XIII (France)

  • Intendants- Royal officials sent out to the provinces of France to carry out orders of the central government, oversaw collection of various taxes

  • Louis XIV- The “Sun King,” virtually a dictator & expanded French borders, refusal to share power led to awakening of French government

  • Ivan IV- Wanted to keep an eye on nobility

  • Romanov Dynasty- 1613, after turmoil after Ivan’s death, split country into 3 groups: church, Boyars & Ivan’s family

  • Peter I- Peter the Great, defeated his half sister & the Boyar army

  • Devshirme- Selection system to staff Ottoman military system & government

  • Janissaries- Elite forces from the Devshirme selection in the army

  • Daimyo- Japanese land holding aristocrats

  • Edo- Present day Tokyo, center of Japanese power

  • Period of Great Peace- Era stability of Tokugawa Ieyasu (founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate)

  • Tokugawa Shogunate- Reorganized government of Japan to centralize control over feudalist Japan

  • Askia the Great- aka Askia Muhammed I, legitimized rule through promoting Islam, his elaborate pilgrimage to Mecca, & support of efficient bureaucracies

  • Akbar- Most capable Mughal ruler, expanded south & west, created efficient government with fairly administrative laws, strong central government & effective civil service

  • Delhi- Capital of Mughal empire

  • Shah Jahan- built Taj Mahal as a tomb for his wife

Economic

  • Tax farming- Government auctions right to collect taxes to private individuals/companies

  • Tributes (China)- Form of wealth, given as a sign of respect, submission or allegiance (ex. Korea)

  • Zamindars- Paid government officials in charge of taxation, construction & water supply in the Mughal Empire

Culture/Society

  • Taj Mahal- Tomb for Shah Jahan’s wife, architectural accomplishment

  • Versailles- Spacious & elegant palace used to entertain nobles, keeping them from conducting business elsewhere (rebelling)

  • Boyars- Noble landowning class, at the top of the social pyramid in Russia

  • Serfdom- Peasants who received plots of land & protection from a noble but bound to that land with little personal freedom

3.3 Empires: Belief Systems

How did the different belief systems endure/ change from 1450-1750?

Religion

  • Henry VIII- Wanted a son, his wife had daughters & pope wouldn’t annul his marriage so Henry created the Anglican Church

    • Anne Boleyn- Henry wanted to marry her

  • Charles V- Powerful emperor of Holy Roman Emperor

  • Phillip II- Son of Charles V, given Spain after Charles abdicated due to spread of Lutheranism

  • Spanish Armada- Catholic crusade

  • Peace of Augsburg- Allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran

  • Edict of Nantes- Allowed Huguenots to practice their faith

  • 30 Years War- Final great religious conflict between Catholics & Protestants in Europe (1618-48), widespread famine, starvation & disease

  • Peace of Westphalia- Allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to choose Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism

    • Spain, Italy & France- Catholic

    • Northern Europe- Lutheran/Calvinist

    • Europe- Protestant (state church)

  • Indulgences- Granted person absolution from punishments of sin

  • Simony- Selling of church offices

  • Holy Synod- In place of patriarch, clergymen reported to secular officials who reported to the Tsar (Russia)

  • Inquisition- Catholics would find & punish & torture non believers

  • Counter reformation- 3 pronged strategy to remain the largest church in the world (Catholicism)

  • Jesuits- Society of Jesus, religious order opposed to the spread of Protestantism

  • Council of Trent- Corrected church abuses, increased priest education, banned Potestant books

  • Martin Luther- German monk, concluded that many Church practices went against biblical teachings

  • 95 Theses- Luther’s charges against the Catholic Church, nailed against a church door

  • John Calvin- Broke with Catholic Church, reformed religious communion in Geneva, Switzerland

  • Elect- predestined to go to heaven

  • Puritan- Wanted to purify remnants of Catholic Church

  • Protestant Reformation- Various reform efforts (Catholic Church)

  • Anglican Church- Church of England, free control of Pope

  • Shariah- Strict Islamic legal system

  • Sikhism- Developed from Hinduism, influenced by Sufism (branch of Islam)

Science

  • Empiricism- Early scientific method insisting on collection of data to back up a hypothesis

    • REALLY IMPORTANT bc it meant people no longer could say their god was the reason why